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. 2017 Nov 23;7:16192. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16443-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Metformin or AICAR treatment activates AMPK, decreases proliferation, and fibrotic gene expression. Metformin and AICAR activated AMPK (a) and inhibited cell proliferation (n = 5) (b,c). Fibrotic genes; TGF-β and Smad3 expressions were suppressed by AICAR treatment (n = 6) (d). Expressions of TGFβ and localization of Smad2/3 of SSCT cells were calculated in immunocytochemistry (g). Arrows indicate distance where was calculated the intensity of Smad2/3 expression on nucleus. TGF-β and nuclear localization Smad2/3 were significantly reduced by both metformin and AICAR treatment (f,g). Boxes represent the interquartile range (IQR), lines within boxes represent the median, and white rhombus represent the mean, and lines outside boxes represent 1.5 times the IQR. One-Way ANOVA was conducted to assess the difference of cell proliferation and Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to assess the difference of relative gene expression. Pairwise comparisons were made only when the One-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test indicated statistical significance. P-values for multiple comparisons were adjusted by Holm methods. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.