Table 4.

Outcomes of distribution, efficacy, and safety of human studies

Study	Number of patients	Tumor type	Isotope	Retention	Leakage	Toxicity	Efficacy
Kim 1962 [10]	10	Breast, bladder, brain prostate, lung, metastasis	90Y			1 localized radiation fibrosis	N = 4 regression N = 2 no response N = 3 no data N = 1 died before evaluation
Blanchard 1965 [11]	12	Bladder, prostate, breast, lung, and metastasis	90Y			1 lung abscess 1 rectovesical fistula 1 pancytopenia	N = 1 marked regression N = 2 regression N = 2 no regression N = 7 no data
Ariel 1978 [12]	1	Rhabdomyosarcoma	90Y			1 skin defect	N = 1 complete response
Order 1996 [15]	47	Pancreas carcinoma	32P	Patients without metastasis Without shunting N = 15 patients Mean 96% (range 86–100%) With shunting to the liver N = 12 patients Mean 52% (range 17–88%) With metastasis N = 19 patients Mean 79% (range 22–100%)	Blood 1.85–3552 Bq/ml N = 12 shunting to the liver	Without metastases 2 Gr III leukopenia 2 Gr IV thrombocytopenia 1 Gr III amylase 1 Gr IV amylase With metastases 1 Gr III leukopenia 1 Gr III thrombocytopenia 2 Gr IV thrombocytopenia	N = 7 complete response N = 11 partial response
Tian 1996 [13]	33	27 HCC 6 liver metastasis	90Y	Biological T1/2 = 57.6 ± 1.02 h Physical T1/2 = 66 h	Most patients liver (outside tumor) 3.1–11.6% N = 6 lung 8.8–20.8% N = 4 intestines	1 acute myocardial infarction day 0 of 2nd treatment 2 temp leukopenia after combination with chemotherapy	Tumor shrinkage ratea N = 12 ≥50% or more N = 12 25–50% N = 5 ≤25% N = 3 no change N = 6 no data
Westlin 1997 [16]	17	Pancreas carcinoma	32P		N = 2 intestines N = 2 liver	1 arterial bleeding 2 slightly decreased blood counts	N = 4 complete response N = 5 partial response N = 7 stable disease N = 1 no data
DeNittes 1999 [17]	5	Pancreas carcinoma	32P	100%		No significant toxicity	N = 2 complete response N = 3 stable disease
Firusian 1999 [18]	17	Various solid malignancies	32P	Biologic T1/2 = physical T1/2	Blood <11 Bq/ml	1 Gr IV thrombocytopenia 2 erythema of skin after superficial LN treatment	N = 7 complete response N = 5 partial response N = 5 no response
Montijo 2003 [19]	1	Pancreas carcinoma	32P			Arterial bleeding fistula	N = 1 died before evaluation
Alimi 2007 [20]	14	Secondary resistant H&N tumors	32P	Biologic T1/2 = physical T1/2		3 Gr I/II thrombocytopenia 2 transient erythema	N = 8 partial response N = 6 no response
Goh 2007 [14]	8	HCC	32P		No detectable radioactivity in blood samples	3 injection site pain 2 fatigue 2 portal hypertension 1 abdominal pain 1 rigors 1 vomiting 1 Gr IV diabetes mellitus 1 Gr III neutropenia 1 Gr III pancytopenia	12 weeks N = 2 complete response N = 2 partial response N = 4 stable disease 24 weeks N = 2 complete response N = 2 partial response N = 1 progressive disease N = 3 withdrawn
Rosemurgery 2008 [21]	30 18 treated 12 control	Pancreas	32P		Intestines	32P/Co SAEs 75/22 Hospitalizations 34/10 GI bleedings 13/2 Pancytopenia 1/0 Leukocytopenia 1/0 Anemia 5/4 Thrombocytopenia 5/0	Survival 32P 5.2 months Co 12.2 months Tumor size Prior → post-treatment 32P 16.1 → 13.3 cm2 Co 20.0 → 12.4 cm2

⁹⁰ Y yttrium-90, ³² P phosphorus-32, cm²: tumor cross-sectional area, SAE serious adverse events, Gr grade, GI gastrointestinal

^a N number of lesions in 27/33 patients