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. 2017 Nov 23;7:16177. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16393-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects (LSmeans ± standard error) of β-lactam antibiotic perturbation on development of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finches inoculated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). (a) Inflammation severity is significantly higher for finches that received antibiotic treatment. (b) Relative inflammation, which controls for differences in pathogen load, is also significantly more severe for finches that received antibiotics to perturb their resident ocular microbiome. (c) Finally, pathogen load increases significantly earlier in MG infection in finches that received antibiotic treatment. Note: some error bars are too small to see. Sham-inoculated birds (Table 1) are not shown.