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. 2017 Nov 23;7:16105. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16444-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Conceptual illustration of increased light penetration due to ultrasound-induced air bubbles in scattering media. (a) Light is spread, and its intensity is decreased as it travels through a Rayleigh scattering medium in which light scattering occurs in all directions. (b) Ultrasound generates air bubbles within its focal area, and the incident light experiences Mie scattering in the bubble cloud; thus, its scattering occurs predominantly in the forward direction. As a result of this phenomenon, the light spread is decreased, resulting in increased light penetration depth. (c) Simulated ultrasound beam profile contributing to bubble generation. The area covered by the beam profile becomes much larger along the depth direction than along the horizontal direction as the ultrasound intensity increases, i.e., the left panel to the right, which means that the size and population of the bubble cloud in light pathway increase with the ultrasound intensity.