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. 2017 Nov 23;7:16120. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16301-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of CSC on HIV-1 replication and cytotoxicity in primary human macrophages. (a) HIV-1 p24 antigen level after exposure of CSC/CSC-exosomes to primary human macrophages (PHM). Exosomes were collected from HIV-1 infected/uninfected PHM and introduced to HIV-1 infected PHM along with 10 µg/ml of CSC. (b) LDH Assay on primary human macrophages that were treated with control/CSC or indicated exosomes. Bars indicate mean ± SEM values from two replicates. * and ** indicate p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 compared to control respectively, ^#indicates p < 0.05 compared to CSC. ^†Indicates p < 0.05 compared to control + Exo within the same group of treatment.