Table 1.
Characteristics of controls and patients with cholesterol and pigment gallstones
| Controls (n = 99) |
Cholesterol gallstone (n = 40) |
Pigment gallstone (n = 59) | P valued | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 49.49 ± 14.79 | 45.98 ± 14.92 | 52.00 ± 15.70 | 0.152 |
| Female, n (%) | 55 (55.6) | 25 (62.5) | 33 (55.9) | 0.739 |
| Experience of pregnancy, n (%) | 46 (83.6) | 20 (80.0) | 27 (84.4) | 0.897 |
| Contraceptive use, n (%) | 20 (36.4) | 6 (24.0) | 12 (37.5) | 0.490 |
| Hormone replacement therapy, n (%) | 11 (20.0) | 5 (20.0) | 5 (15.6) | 0.866 |
| Height (cm) | 163.94 ± 8.57 | 163.94 ± 8.55 | 163.81 ± 8.93 | 0.996 |
| Weight (kg) | 63.65 ± 10.98 | 64.28 ± 9.31 | 66.13 ± 13.09 | 0.411 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.58 ± 2.88 | 23.87 ± 2.64 | 24.51 ± 3.56 | 0.181 |
| < 18.5 kg/m2, n (%) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (2.5) | 1 (1.7) | |
| 18.5–22.9 kg/m2, n (%) | 38 (38.4) | 12 (30.0) | 18 (30.5) | 0.746 |
| 23.0–24.9 kg/m2, n (%) | 28 (28.4) | 13 (32.5) | 14 (23.7) | |
| ≥ 25 kg/m2, n (%) | 32 (32.3) | 14 (35.0) | 26 (44.1) | |
| Family history of gallstone disease, n (%) | 1 (1.0) | 5 (12.5) | 7 (11.9) | 0.007 |
| Medical history, n (%)a | 55 (55.6) | 22 (55.0) | 42 (71.2) | 0.116 |
| Regular exercise, n (%)b | 34 (34.4) | 14 (35.0) | 18 (30.5) | 0.858 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.376 | |||
| Never smoker | 66 (66.7) | 24 (60.0) | 32 (54.2) | |
| Ex-smoker | 16 (16.2) | 11 (27.5) | 15 (25.4) | |
| Current smoker | 17 (17.2) | 5 (12.5) | 12 (20.3) | |
| Drinking, n (%) | 0.002 | |||
| Never drinker | 19 (19.2) | 8 (20.0) | 17 (28.8) | |
| Ex-drinker | 4 (4.0) | 7 (17.5) | 13 (22.0) | |
| Current drinker | 76 (76.8) | 25 (62.5) | 29 (49.2) | |
| Use of supplements, n (%)c | 63 (63.6) | 29 (72.5) | 37 (62.7) | 0.547 |
Data are mean ± SD or number of subjects (percentage distribution) as appropriate
aMedical history such as diabetes mellitus, cardio-cerebrovascular disease, digestive system disease, respiratory disease, urinary disease, and women’s disease
bRegular exercise was defined as three times a week for ≥ 30 min
cSupplements such as vitamins, minerals, n-3 fatty acids, ginseng, and plant extracts
d P value was comparison among three groups by ANOVA for continuous variables or chi-square test for categorical variables