Table 1.
Description of included trials
| Study | Clinical topic | n | Profession | Comparison (duration) | Outcomesa | Risk of Biasb | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KW | PS | CB | SE | ST | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | H/L | |||||
| Theoretical knowledge | |||||||||||||||
| Simonsen 2014 | Drug dose calculation | 183 | Nursing | (i) workshop (2 days) | Y | Y | Yc | U | H | H | L | L | H | ||
| Worm 2013 | Respiratory physiology and pulmonology | 63 | Nursing | (i) lecture (45 mins) | Y | U | H | H | L | L | H | ||||
| Fordis 2005 | Cholesterol management | 103 | Medical physicians | (i) lecture (90-120 min) | Yc | Y | Yc | U | H | H | H | L | H | ||
| Hugenholtz 2008 | Mental health care | 74 | Occupation health | (i) lecture (30 mins) | Y | U | H | L | H | L | H | ||||
| Padalino 2007 | Quality tools | 49 | Nursing | (i) lecture (120 mins) | Y | U | H | U | L | L | H | ||||
| Applied Knowledge/Skills | |||||||||||||||
| Beyea 2007 | Particle repositioning manoeuvre | 25 | Medical residents | (i) lecture (15 mins) (ii) workshop (15 mins) |
Y | U | H | L | L | H | H | ||||
| Chenkin 2008 | Ultrasound guided vascular access | 21 | Medical residents and physicians | (i) lecture (180 mins) | Y | Y | Yc | U | H | L | L | L | L | ||
| Makinen 2006 | Resuscitation and defibrillation | 56 | Nursing | (i) workshop (240 mins) | Yc | U | H | L | L | L | L | ||||
| Platz 2011 | Sonography for trauma | 44 | Medical | (ii) lecture (60 mins) | Yc | U | H | H | H | U | H | ||||
| Complex interventions | |||||||||||||||
| Bello 2005 | Airway management | 56 | Medical residents | (i) lecture (300 mins) | Yc | Yc | Yc | U | H | L | L | L | L | ||
| Dimeff 2009 | Dialectical behaviour therapy | 174 | Mental health (psychologists/counsellors) | (i) manual (n/a) (ii) workshop (1200 mins) |
Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | L | H | U | L | H | H |
| Hearty 2013 | Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning | 28 | Medical physicians | (i) manual (n/a) | Y | U | H | H | L | L | H | ||||
| Maloney 2011 | Exercise for falls prevention | 135 | Allied health | (i) workshop (420 mins) | Yc | Y | Y | L | H | L | H | L | L | ||
| Sholomskas 2005 | Cognitive behavioural therapy | 78 | Mental health (psychologists/counsellors) | (i) manual (ii) workshop (1380 mins) |
Y | Yc | Y | U | H | L | H | L | H | ||
aOutcomes are: KW = knowledge, PS = practical skills, CB = clinical behaviour, SE = self-efficacy, and ST = satisfaction. bRisk of Bias items and answers are: 1 = allocation concealment, 2 = blinding of participants, 3 = blinding of outcome assessor, 4 = intention to treat, 5 = loss to follow-up, L = Low risk of bias, H = High risk of bias, U = unclear risk of bias. Coutcome data could not be included in meta-analysis