Fig. 2.

Retinoic acid induced RARRES1 expression. a Scheme of Retinoic acid (RA) binding to Retinoic acid receptor (RAR and RXR) dimers. b Transcriptional activation of RARRES1 expression is blocked by promoter methylation (Meth). c Swan71, Jeg-3, JAR and BeWo cells were treated with Am580, TAZA and ATRA for 24 to 72 h. d Primary trophoblasts (from n = 4 individuals) were treated with Am580, TAZA and ATRA for 48 h. Significance in (c) and (d) was calculated relative to untreated control cells (Ctrl.). e Cells were stimulated with Am580, TAZA and ATRA after AZA-treatment. Significance was determined in comparison to solely AZA-treated cells. Expressions of (c-e) are relative to Ctrl. Significance is marked by asterisks (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005). Data represent mean ± SEM