Table 3. Factors associated with changes in harm perceptions of smokeless tobacco between 2012, 2014 and 2015, controlling for demographic characteristics.
| Yes (vs No)a OR (95% CI) | p-value | Don't Know (vs No)a OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survey Year | ||||
| 2012 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 2014 | 1.24 (0.91, 1.71) | 0.17 | 0.95 (0.74, 1.22) | 0.70 |
| 2015 | 1.31 (0.96, 1.78) | 0.09 | 1.41 (1.08, 1.84) | 0.01 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Female | 0.74 (0.58, 0.95) | 0.02 | 0.97 (0.80, 1.17) | 0.74 |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 18-34 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 35-49 | 1.41 (0.96, 2.05) | 0.08 | 1.49 (1.08, 2.06) | 0.02 |
| 50-64 | 1.19 (0.83, 1.70) | 0.34 | 1.33 (0.96, 1.83) | 0.08 |
| 65+ | 1.18 (0.83, 1.67) | 0.37 | 2.15 (1.58, 2.92) | 0.000 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| White, Not Hispanic | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Black, Not Hispanic | 1.43 (0.90, 2.27) | 0.12 | 2.75 (1.97, 3.82) | 0.000 |
| Hispanic | 1.53 (1.05, 2.23) | 0.03 | 2.72 (2.13, 3.48) | 0.000 |
| Multiple Races or Other | 1.54 (0.99, 2.40) | 0.06 | 2.75 (1.85, 4.08) | 0.000 |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| High school graduate | 0.68 (0.41, 1.26)c | 0.13 | 1.02 (0.68, 1.51) | 0.92 |
| Vocational or Some College | 0.77 (0.45, 1.30)c | 0.32 | 0.91 (0.64, 1.29) | 0.59 |
| College Graduate or PostGraduate | 0.85 (0.51, 1.43)c | 0.55 | 1.02 (0.69, 1.53) | 0.91 |
| Household Income | ||||
| <$35,000 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| $35,000 to $74,999 | 0.85 (0.61, 1.19) | 0.35 | 0.71 (0.55, 0.91) | 0.01 |
| $75,000 or more | 0.94 (0.64, 1.38) | 0.75 | 0.72 (0.53, 0.97) | 0.03 |
| Residence Typeb | ||||
| Urban county | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Rural county | 0.95 (0.45, 2.00)c | 0.89 | 0.75 (0.37, 1.51)c | 0.42 |
Boldface indicates statistical significance (p<0.05)
Respondents were asked the following item to assess harm perceptions of smokeless tobacco products relative to cigarettes: “In your opinion, do you think that some smokeless tobacco products, such as chewing tobacco, snus and snuff are less harmful to a person's health than cigarettes?” Response options were “Yes,” “No,” and “Don't know.” In the multinomial logistic regression model presented, “No” (SLT is not less harmful than cigarettes) served as the reference category compared to “Yes” (SLT is less harmful than cigarettes) and “Don't know” (whether SLT is less harmful than cigarettes).
An urban county was a county in a metro area or a non-metro county with a population size greater than 2,500. A rural county is a non-metro county that is completely rural or less than 2,500 in population size.
Estimates are flagged because the relative standard error is greater than30%.