Table 2.
Identified networks and their connectivity differences between BQ dependence and healthy control (two sample t-test, p < 0.001 uncorrected).
| IC number | Network | Direction | Cluster size | Region location (AAL) | Brodman area | MNI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X | Y | Z | ||||||
| 1 | Noise | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| 2 | Noise | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 3 | Noise | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 4 | Occipital/temporal | Negative | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 5 | Posterior default mode | Negative | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 6 | Visual | Negative | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 7 | Orbitofrontal | BQD > HC | 35 | Frontal_Mid_R, Frontal_Sup_R | 9 | 27 | 42 | 39 |
| 8 | Noise | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| 9 | Right frontoparietal | BQD > HC | 21 | Frontal_Sup_R | 10 | 30 | 66 | 6 |
| 10 | Anterior default mode | Negative | – | – | – | – | ||
| 11 | Frontotemporal | BQD > HC | 22 | Frontal_Inf_Tri_L, Frontal_Inf_Orb_L | 47, 10 | −51 | 36 | −3 |
| 12 | Temporal | Negative | – | – | – | – | ||
| 13 | Parietal | BQD < HC | 43 | Angular_R | 7, 39, 40 | 54 | −66 | 42 |
| 14 | Medial frontal/anterior cingulate | BQD < HC | 57 | Frontal_Inf_Oper_L, Frontal_Inf_Tri_L, Temporal_Sup_L | 44, 22 | −60 | 12 | 0 |
| 15 | Noise | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| 16 | Noise | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| 17 | Left frontoparietal | BQD > HC | 40 | Angular_L | 39 | −45 | −66 | 33 |
| 18 | Occipital/parietal | BQD > HC | 34 | Temporal_Mid_R, Occipital_Mid_R, Angular_R | 39 | 42 | −63 | 21 |
| 19 | Occipital/temporal/cerebellum | Negative | – | – | – | – | ||
| 20 | Frontotemporal/paralimbic | Negative | – | – | – | – | ||
| 21 | Noise | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| 22 | Frontotemporal/cerebellum | BQD > HC | 20 | Temporal_Pole_Sup_L | 38 | −51 | 12 | −9 |
| 23 | Noise | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| 24 | Noise | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| 25 | Cerebellum/midbrain | Negative | – | – | – | – | ||
| 26 | Temporal/limbic | BQD > HC | 26 | SupraMarginal_L, Temporal_Sup_L | 40 | −63 | −45 | 27 |
IC, independence component; AAL, anatomical automatic labeling; MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute; BQD, betel quid dependence; HC, healthy control; Negative, no statistical significance; L/R, left/right; Sup, superior; Mid, middle; Inf, inferior; Tri, triangularis; Orb, orbital; Oper, operculum.