Table 5.
Factors associated with depression symptoms in seniors.
| Depression symptoms (yes/no) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariable logistic regression |
Multivariable logistic regression |
||||||
| OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | Ref. | ||||||
| Female | 2.02 | 1.42–2.85 | <0.001 | 1.30 | 0.87–1.94 | 0.207 | |
| Age | 1.05 | 1.02–1.07 | <0.001 | 1.02 | 1.00–1.05 | 0.064 | |
| NUTS II | |||||||
| Norte | Ref. | ||||||
| Centro | 1.23 | 0.84–1.82 | 0.289 | 1.11 | 0.73–1.70 | 0.607 | |
| Lisboa | 0.49 | 0.29–0.84 | 0.009 | 0.51 | 0.28–0.96 | 0.037 | |
| Alentejo | 1.06 | 0.58–1.94 | 0.849 | 1.18 | 0.64–2.18 | 0.603 | |
| Algarve | 1.09 | 0.49–2.44 | 0.834 | 0.25 | 0.55–2.83 | 0.590 | |
| Azores | 1.01 | 0.49–2.04 | 0.985 | 0.56 | 0.75–3.26 | 0.237 | |
| Madeira | 1.21 | 0.70–2.11 | 0.492 | 1.20 | 0.66–2.18 | 0.547 | |
| Live alone (Y/N) | 1.63 | 1.13–2.35 | 0.009 | ||||
| Level of education (years) | |||||||
| ≤4 | 3.57 | 2.16–5.92 | <0.001 | 2.40 | 1.41–4.09 | 0.001 | |
| >4 | Ref. | ||||||
| BMI | |||||||
| Underweight | Ref. | ||||||
| Normal | 0.32 | 0.06–1.74 | 0.189 | ||||
| Overweight | 0.33 | 0.06–1.72 | 0.186 | ||||
| Obese | 0.44 | 0.08–2.30 | 0.334 | ||||
| Alcohol intake | |||||||
| Never | Ref. | ||||||
| Daily intake | 0.45 | 0.30–0.66 | <0.001 | 0.54 | 0.35–0.83 | 0.005 | |
| Occasionally | 0.42 | 0.26–0.70 | 0.001 | 0.49 | 0.29–0.84 | 0.009 | |
| Smoke | |||||||
| Never | Ref. | ||||||
| Past | 0.46 | 0.30–0.70 | <0.001 | ||||
| Present | 0.66 | 0.30–1.44 | 0.300 | ||||
| No regular physical exercise | 2.07 | 1.44–2.98 | <0.001 | 1.64 | 1.11–2.42 | 0.013 | |
| High blood pressure (Y/N) | 1.35 | 0.95–1.92 | 0.094 | ||||
| Diabetes (Y/N) | 1.50 | 1.02–2.21 | 0.040 | ||||
| High cholesterol level (Y/N) | 1.53 | 1.09–2.14 | 0.014 | ||||
| Pulmonar disease (Y/N) | 1.71 | 1.07–2.73 | 0.024 | ||||
| Cardiac disease (Y/N) | 1.83 | 1.27–2.64 | 0.001 | ||||
| Gastrointestinal diseases (Y/N) | 1.56 | 1.07–2.27 | 0.020 | ||||
| Neurologic diseases (Y/N) | 1.97 | 1.06–3.63 | 0.031 | ||||
| Allergies (Y/N) | 1.07 | 0.72–1.57 | 0.741 | ||||
| Neoplasic disease (Y/N) | 1.12 | 0.65–1.94 | 0.686 | ||||
| Thyroid disease (Y/N) | 2.01 | 1.31–3.08 | 0.001 | ||||
| Hyperuricemia (Y/N) | 1.74 | 1.14–2.65 | 0.011 | ||||
| Rheumatic disease (Y/N) | 2.94 | 2.04–4.23 | <0.001 | 2.12 | 1.45–3.09 | <0.001 | |
HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression subscale; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HAQ, Health Assessment Questionnaire (0–3); EQ5D, European Quality of Life questionnaire five dimensions, three levels (0–1); BMI, body mass index.
Household composition: number of people that live in the house of the participant, including himself/herself.
†p-Value ≤ 0.05; GoF (p = 0.04056).