Table 1.
Inducers of immunogenic cell death (ICD) in melanoma.
| Model system | ICD biomarker(s) | Bona fide ICDa | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemotherapies | ||||
| Doxorubicin | B16-F10 | Not determined | Yes | (67) |
| Oxilaplatin | B16-F10 | Calreticulin, ATP, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) | Yes | (68, 69) |
| Melphalan | A375 | IL-8, CCL2, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) | Not tested | (70) |
| B78 | HSP90 | Yes | ||
| Lidamycin | B16-F1 | Calreticulin | Yes | (207) |
| R2016 heterocyclic quinone | B16-F10 | Calreticulin, HMGB1, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90 | Not tested | (208) |
| Ginsenoside Rg3 | B16-F10 | Calreticulin, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90 | Not tested | (209) |
| Antimicrobial/oncolytic peptides | ||||
| LTX-315 | B16-F1 | HMGB1 | Not tested | (76) |
| LTX-401 | B16-F1 | HMGB1, ATP, cytochrome c | Not tested | (77) |
| Oncolytic viruses | ||||
| Measles virus | Primary melanoma cells | IL-6, IL-8 | Not tested | (78) |
| Mel888, Mel624, MeWO, SkMel28 | IL-6, IL-8, type I IFN, HMGB1 | |||
| Vaccinia virus | SK29-MEL | HMGB1, calreticulin (strain-dependent) | Not tested | (79) |
| Reovirus (type 3 Dearing strain) | Mel888, Mel624, MeWO, SkMel28 | Proinflammatory cytokines (cell line-dependent) | Not tested | (80) |
| Targeted therapies | ||||
| Vemurafenib | A375, 451-LU, M1617 | Calreticulin, HSP90 | Not tested | (82) |
| U0126 (MEK inhibitor) | A375, 451-LU, M1617 | Calreticulin, HSP90 | Not tested | (82) |
| Bortezomib | A375, 451-LU, M1617 | Calreticulin, HSP90 | Not tested | (82) |
| Physical modalities | ||||
| Hyperthermia ± ionizing radiation | B16-F10 | HMGB1, HSP70 | Not tested | (210) |
aBona fide ICD can be verified only in murine tumor models, as it is determined by vaccination assays in which tumor cells killed by a particular agent in vitro are tested for their ability to invoke protective immunity against subsequent re-challenge with live tumor cells. ICD biomarkers are indicated only if detected in a context appropriate for ICD (i.e., cell surface calreticulin and heat shock proteins, secreted ATP and HMGB1, etc.).