Table 1.
Characteristics of study population by ethnicity
| Dutch | South-Asian Surinamese | African-Surinamese | Ghanaians | Turks | Moroccans | |
| n=4495 | n=2933 | n=4039 | n=2181 | n=3395 | n=3687 | |
| Age (years) | 46.2 (45.7 to 46.6) | 45.5 (45.0 to 46.0) | 47.9 (47.6 to 48.3) | 44.7 (44.3 to 45.2) | 40.4 (39.9 to 40.8) | 40.4 (40.0 to 40.8) |
| Men (%) | 45.8 (44.4 to 47.3) | 45.3 (43.5 to 47.1) | 39.0 (37.5 to 40.5) | 39.4 (37.3 to 41.4) | 45.4 (43.7 to 47.0) | 38.9 (37.4 to 40.5) |
| Sleep duration (hours) | 7.2 (7.21 to 7.27) | 6.8 (6.70 to 6.81) | 6.5 (6.49 to 6.58) | 6.5 (6.38 to 6.55) | 6.9 (6.92 to 7.04) | 7.0 (6.99 to 7.09) |
| Short sleep (% yes) | 16.2 (15.1 to 17.2) | 39.4 (37.6 to 41.1) | 45.6 (44.0 to 47.1) | 44.2 (42.2 to 46.3) | 29.5 (27.9 to 30.9) | 27.0 (25.6 to 28.4) |
| Angina (% yes) | 1.07 (0.81 to 1.41) | 3.56 (2.95 to 4.30) | 2.78 (2.32 to 3.34) | 2.46 (1.89 to 3.21) | 4.09 (3.48 to 4.82) | 2.75 (2.27 to 3.33) |
| Myocardial infarction (% yes) |
3.20 (2.69 to 3.72) | 11.4 (10.3 to 12.6) | 8.44 (7.58 to 9.30) | 6.69 (5.64 to 7.74) | 12.2 (11.1 to 13.3) | 10.1 (9.14 to 11.1) |
| Intermittent claudication (% yes) | 0.25 (0.14 to 0.44) | 0.58 (0.36 to 0.93) | 0.32 (0.19 to 0.56) | 0.23 (0.10 to 0.55) | 0.65 (0.43 to 0.98) | 0.54 (0.35 to 0.84) |
| Prevalence CVD (%) | 4.30 (3.74 to 4.93) | 14.5 (13.2 to 15.8) | 10.8 (9.85 to 11.8) | 8.93 (7.79 to 10.2) | 16.0 (14.8 to 17.3) | 12.9 (11.9 to 14.0) |
| Hypertension (% yes) | 29.5 (28.2 to 30.9) | 42.4 (40.6 to 44.2) | 50.2 (48.7 to 51.7) | 55.8 (53.4 to 57.9) | 29.1 (27.6 to 30.4) | 24.4 (22.9 to 25.7) |
| Diabetes (% yes) | 3.58 (3.03 to 4.12) | 19.4 (17.9 to 20.8) | 12.0 (11.0 to 13.0) | 11.4 (10.1 to 12.8) | 10.2 (9.14 to 11.2) | 11.4 (10.3 to 12.4) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 (24.6 to 24.9) | 26.3 (26.1 to 26.5) | 27.8 (27.6 to 28.0) | 28.4 (28.2 to 28.6) | 28.5 (28.3 to 28.7) | 27.6 (27.4 to 27.7) |
| WHR | 0.88 (0.87 to 0.88) | 0.92 (0.92 to 0.93) | 0.89 (0.89 to 0.90) | 0.90 (0.90 to 0.91) | 0.90 (0.90 to 0.91) | 0.89 (0.89 to 0.90) |
| Dyslipidaemia (% yes) | 29.9 (28.5 to 31.2) | 41.7 (39.9 to 43.4) | 24.0 (22.7 to 25.3) | 20.1 (18.4 to 21.7) | 40.8 (39.1 to 42.4) | 27.6 (26.1 to 29.0) |
| TC >6.22 mmol/L |
15.3 (14.2 to 16.3) | 11.7 (10.5 to 12.8) | 9.73 (8.82 to 10.6) | 10.5 (9.21 to 11.8) | 8.84 (7.89 to 9.79) | 4.83 (4.14 to 5.52) |
| HDL-C <1.04 mmol/L |
9.77 (8.90 to 10.6) | 22.9 (21.4 to 24.5) | 11.0 (10.0 to 11.9) | 6.75 (5.69 to 7.79) | 26.5 (24.9 to 27.9) | 18.7 (17.4 to 19.9) |
| LDL-C >4.14 mmol/L |
13.7 (12.7 to14.7) | 14.3 (13.0 to 15.5) | 10.5 (9.58 to 11.5) | 10.6 (9.35 to 11.9) | 10.1 (9.09 to 11.1) | 5.86 (5.10 to 6.62) |
| TG <1.69 mmol/L |
11.9 (10.9 to 12.8) | 16.9 (15.5 to 18.2) | 5.67 (4.96 to 6.38) | 3.35 (2.59 to 4.10) | 20.1 (18.8 to 21.5) | 10.6 (9.59 to 11.6) |
| Depressive symptoms (%) | 6.99 (6.24 to 7.73) | 18.4 (16.9 to 19.8) | 10.6 (9.67 to 11.6) | 9.08 (7.87 to 10.3) | 22.8 (21.3 to 24.2) | 20.3 (18.9 to 21.6) |
| Education | ||||||
| First and second category (%) | 17.3 (16.2 to 18.4) | 47.8 (46.0 to 49.6) | 40.8 (39.3 to 42.3) | 68.0 (66.1 to 70.0) | 55.9 (54.3 to 57.6) | 48.7 (47.1 to 50.3) |
| Third category (%) | 21.7 (20.5 to 22.9) | 29.0 (27.4 to 30.7) | 35.9 (34.4 to 37.4) | 25.6 (23.7 to 27.4) | 28.7 (27.1 to 30.2) | 33.3 (31.8 to 34.9) |
| Fourth category (%) | 60.9 (59.5 to 62.4) | 23.2 (21.6 to 24.7) | 23.2 (21.9 to 24.5) | 6.37 (5.34 to 7.40) | 15.4 (14.2 to 16.6) | 17.9 (16.7 to 19.2) |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Elementary (%) | 1.65 (1.27 to 2.02) | 9.48 (8.42 to 10.5) | 6.29 (5.54 to 7.04) | 53.7 (51.6 to 55.8) | 14.9 (13.7 to 16.1) | 12.9 (11.9 to 14.0) |
| Lower (%) | 14.1 (13.1 to 15.1) | 30.7 (29.0 to 32.3) | 31.9 (30.4 to 33.3) | 20.2 (18.5 to 21.8) | 30.5 (28.9 to 32.1) | 24.8 (23.4 to 26.2) |
| Medium (%) | 21.9 (20.7 to 23.2) | 27.4 (25.8 to 29.0) | 32.3 (30.9 to 33.8) | 7.79 (6.67 to 8.92) | 18.8 (17.5 to 20.1) | 21.1 (19.8 to 22.3) |
| Higher (%) | 36.4 (35.0 to 37.8) | 16.1 (14.8 to 17.5) | 17.8 (16.6 to 19.0) | 2.57 (1.90 to 3.23) | 8.45 (7.52 to 9.39) | 11.5 (10.5 to 12.5) |
| Scientific (%) | 19.9 (18.7 to 21.0) | 4.67 (3.91 to 5.43) | 2.62 (2.13 to 3.12) | 0.87 (0.48 to 1.26) | 3.21 (2.62 to 3.80) | 2.36 (1.87 to 2.85) |
| Shift work (%) | 19.4 (18.2 to 20.5) | 21.9 (20.4 to 23.4) | 26.8 (25.4 to 28.1) | 17.1 (15.5 to 18.7) | 14.0 (12.9 to 15.2) | 14.7 (13.6 to 15.9) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never smoked (% yes) | 37.1 (35.7 to 38.5) | 57.9 (56.2 to 59.7) | 48.9 (47.4 to 50.5) | 86.7 (85.3 to 88.1) | 47.4 (45.7 to 49.1) | 73.9 (72.5 to 75.3) |
| Ex-smoker (% yes) | 38.1 (36.7 to 39.5) | 13.7 (12.5 to 14.9) | 19.3 (18.1 to 20.5) | 8.30 (7.14 to 9.46) | 18.3 (17.0 to 19.6) | 12.7 (11.6 to 13.8) |
| Current smoker (% yes) | 24.6 (23.4 to 25.9) | 27.9 (26.3 to 29.6) | 31.2 (29.8 to 32.7) | 4.49 (3.62 to 5.36) | 33.6 (32.0 to 35.2) | 13.0 (11.9 to 14.1) |
| Achieving Dutch norm for physical activity (% yes) | 75.5 (74.3 to 76.8) | 53.2 (51.4 to 54.9) | 61.2 (59.7 to 62.7) | 54.2 (52.1 to 56.3) | 42.5 (40.8 to 44.2) | 47.2 (45.6 to 48.8) |
| Alcohol intake (% yes) | 91.2 (90.4 to 92.0) | 56.7 (54.9 to 58.5) | 68.8 (67.4 to 70.2) | 48.1 (45.9 to 50.2) | 22.9 (21.5 to 24.3) | 7.18 (6.35 to 8.02) |
Data are presented as means and percentages with 95% CI.
BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoproptein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; WHR, waist to hip ratio.