Table 4.
Pathogen species or closely related species identified in hard ticks (Ixodidae) collected from birds from 1995 to 2016 in Taiwan
| Pathogen species | Tick species (no. of detections in different life stages) | Avian host of ticks (no. of ticks) |
|---|---|---|
| Protozoa | ||
| Babesia microti | Ixodes granulatus (1L) | Emberiza spodocephala c (1) |
| Bacteria | ||
| Order Spirochaetales | ||
| Family Spirochaetaceae | ||
| Borrelia valaisiana | Ixodes granulatus (1L, 2Na) | E. spodocephala c (3) |
| Borrelia turdi | Ixodes turdus (1N, 1A) | Turdus chrysolaus c (1); Turdus pallidus c (1) |
| Order Rickettsiales | ||
| Family Anaplasmataceae | ||
| Anaplasma sp. clone BJ01 | Haemaphysalis ornithophila (1N) | Lophura swinhoii (1) |
| Ehrlichia sp. BL157-9 | Haemaphysalis flava (1N) | T. pallidus c (1) |
| Family Rickettsiaceae | ||
| Rickettsia conorii | Haemaphysalis ornithophila (1A) | Zoothera dauma c (1) |
| Rickettsia helvetica | Ixodes columnae (8Lb) | Alcippe morrisonia (1); Ficedula hyperythra (1); Lophura swinhoii (1); Tarsiger indicus (1); T. pallidus c (4) |
| Rickettsia monacensis | Ixodes nipponensis (1N) | Phylloscopus fuscatus (1) |
Abbreviations: L larva, N nymph, A adult
aThe three Ixodes granulatus were removed from three different Emberiza spodocephala
bThree of the eight Ixodes columnae were removed from the same individual Turdus pallidus
cMigratory species