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. 2017 Nov 25;17:377. doi: 10.1186/s12888-017-1545-2

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© The Author(s). 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Explanation of the different models regarding measurement invariance analysis. Notes: Weak Invariance (Model0): λ1 = 1; λ₂_group A = … = λ₂_group H; λ₃_group A = … = λ₃group H. Strong Invariance (Model1): α1_group A = 0; τ₁_group A = … = τ₁_group H; τ₂_group A = … = τ₂_group H; τ₃_group A = … = τ₃_group H; + weak invariance. Strict Invariance (Model2): Var (ε₁_group A) = … = Var (ε₁_group H); Var (ε₂_group A) = … = Var (ε₂_group H); Var (ε₃_group A) = … = Var (ε₃_group H); + weak and strong invariance. Strict Invariance (Model2b): Var (ε₁_group A) = … = Var (ε₁_group H) ≠ Var (ε₁_group C); Var (ε2_group A) = … = Var (ε2_group H); Var (ε3_group A) = … = Var (ε3_group H); + weak and strong invariance