Table 1.

Absolute and signed values of proprioceptive bias and precision in young and older adults.

	Young adults	Older adults	Effect size (Hedges’g)
Absolute bias (Median − IQR)
Contralateral task	3.87 (3.78)	4.80 (5.20)
Ipsilateral task	2.67 (2.43)	3.59 (2.6)
Signed bias (Mean ± standard deviation)
Contralateral task	1.84 ± 4.40	4.74 ± 4.69	0.63
Ipsilateral task	2.43 ± 2.96	3.48 ± 2.49	0.40
Absolute precision (Median − IQR)
Contralateral task	2.63 (1.93)	2.06 (1.60)
Ipsilateral task	1.65 (1.53)	1.89 (1.1)
Relative precision (Median − IQR)
Contralateral task	3.29 (2.18)	2.34 (1.50)
Ipsilateral task	2.47 (1.42)#	2.14 (1.17)

Hedges’ g provides a measure of effect size weighted according to the relative size of each sample. This is used when the groups have different sample sizes. Interpretation: 0.2–0.49: minimal; 0.50–0.79: moderate; 0.80 and above: large effect size. Data that were normally distributed are reported in Mean ± standard deviation; data that were not normally distributed are presented in Median and interquartile range (IQR) = (Q3−Q1). ^#This distribution in young adults was normally distributed but is reported as Median (IQR) to allow comparison with the older adult group.