Histological and immunohistochemical analysis. (A1–D3): Histological analysis. The images in (A1–A3), (B1–B3), (C1–C3), and (D1–D3) represent the CPC, DPSC, Lenti‐LacZ, and Lenti‐PDGF groups, respectively. MD‐like tissue and OD‐like cells lining the surface of the newly formed PD, and pulp‐like connective tissue, which was infiltrated with BV were observed in the DPSC, Lenti‐LacZ, and Lenti‐PDGF groups. (E): Analysis of the amount of dentin‐like mineralized tissues formed by hDPSCs among the different groups (n = 6 for each group, *, p < .05). (F): The statistics of the blood vessels number (n = 6 for each group, *, p < .05). (H–L): Immunohistochemical analysis. Immunohistochemistry assay for DSPP protein on the samples from DSPC group (H), Lenti‐LacZ group (I), and Lenti‐PDGF group (J). The samples of human tooth (dentin layer) (K), and alveolar bone tissue (L) were treated as control group. Scale bar, 100 μm. Abbreviations: BV, blood vessels; CPC, calcium phosphate cement; DPSC, dental pulp stem cell; MD, mineralized dentin; OD, odontoblast; PD, predentin; PDGF, platelet‐derived growth factor.