Table 1.
Advantages and disadvantages of different types of MHAp nanostructures for biomedical application
| S no | Materials | Advantages | Disadvantages | Study |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Iron oxide HAp | Magnetic hyperthermia, drug delivery application, superparamagnetic behavior, etc. | Core shell HAp-coated iron oxide synthesis is difficult and associated with multiple steps | Trandafir et al4 |
| 2 | Fe-doped HAp | Magnetic hyperthermia, drug delivery application, etc. | Fe-HAp exhibits very low crystallinity and a structural coherence at the nanometer length scale together with very low thermal stability | Tampieri et al5 |
| 3 | Fe and Pt co-doped HAp | Good catalytic activity, used in sensors, high stability, etc. | Limited biological application due to toxicity | Tseng et al6 |
| 4 | Mn- and Fe-doped | Useful for hyperthermia applications, to treat bone cancer, MRI contrast agent | Manganese substitution does not affect the magnetic properties in composite materials | Pon-On et al7 |
| 5 | Cobalt-ferrite (CoFe2O4)-doped HAp | Bioimaging property, MRI contrast agent | Metal toxicity to biometabolism | Petchsang et al8 |
| 6 | Gd–Nd co-doped | Good luminescent property for bioimaging. Electrical conductivity of HAp is improved because of the high polarizability of Nd (III) and Gd (III) | Need large external fields and controlled environment to influence | Syamchand and Sony9 |
| 7 | Samarium (153Sm) lexidronam and Gd incorporated | Used for bioimaging specially for SPECT/MRI dual-imaging probe | Need large external fields and controlled environment to influence | Liu et al10 |
| 8 | Iron oxide, Fe- and Cu-doped HAp | Drug delivery ability, pro-osteogenic and proangiogenic activities | The size and morphology varies with different dopant compositions. The solubility in water media is also variable | Kuda et al11 |
Abbreviations: MHAp, magnetic hydroxyapatite; HAp, hydroxyapatite; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; SPECT, single-photon emission computed tomography.