Table 3.

Different synthetic routes of MHAp and its applications

S no	Synthesis route	Application	Magnetic saturation (Ms)	References
1	Solution intercalation method	Gene therapy and drug delivery	–	62
2	Template-assisted self-assembly	Gene delivery	–	63
3	Wet precipitation	Biomedicine application, hyperthermia study	7.23–20.92 emu/g	65, 69
4	Ion exchange procedure	Theoretical calculation	–	71
5	Pulsed plasma deposition	Biofilm formation	0.26 emu/g	73
6	Hydrothermal method	Biomedical orthopedic applications	Approximately 0.32 emu/g	74
7	Spray-drying technique	Medical diagnosis and imaging	Approximately 12 emu/g	75
8	Microwave-assisted route	pH-responsive drug release	18.9 emu/g	76
9	Four-step synthesis associated with wet precipitation, ultrasonication, hydrothermal method, and layer-by-layer coating	Magnetic resonance imaging, drug delivery	Approximately 4–7 emu/g	77
10	Hydrothermal method	pH-dependent protein adsorption release carrier	11.5–15.5 emu/g	78
11	Polymer-templated electrospun method	Biomedical and hyperthermia treatment	27.20 emu/g	79
12	Mechanochemical method	Hyperthermia treatments	–	80
13	Ultrasonic irradiation technique	Biomedicine application	7.40 emu/g	81
14	Other synthetic routes (electrophoretic deposition, biogenic source, chemical precipitation)	Solid-phase extraction of plasmid DNA, medical imaging	–	65, 69, 82–95

Abbreviation: MHAp, magnetic hydroxyapatite.