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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 26.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet Oncol. 2016 Dec;17(12):e542–e551. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30406-5

Figure. Immune response in the tumour microenvironment.

Figure

After an immune response directed against tumour cells, immune tolerance can develop in the tumour microenvironment. Various mechanisms have been described including upregulation of tumour cell PD-L1 and dendritic cell and macrophage IDO expression in response to interferon γ signalling, upregulation of additional checkpoints (eg, LAG3), and enhanced regulatory T-cell function. These events serve both as potential therapeutic targets and predictive biomarkers. MHC I=major histocompatibility complex I.