Table 1.
Comparisons of models to assess stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity in adult animals.
| Species, Strain, Sex | Protocol | Distension stimulus | Hedges' d ± se: Sham vs. Stress | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RESTRAINT STRESS | ||||
| Rat, Sprague Dawley, Male | 2 h stress | 60 mmHg | 3.2 ± 0.8 | Ohashi-Doi et al., 2010 |
| 2 h stress/day, 4 days | 60 mmHg, 24 h post-stress | 4.8 ± 1.0 | Shen et al., 2010 | |
| Rat, Sprague Dawley, Female | 2 h stress | 1.2 ml | 5.2 ± 1.1 | Zhao et al., 2011 |
| Rat, Wistar, Male | 2 h stress | 1.2 ml | 2.1 ± 0.6 | Gué et al., 1997 |
| 2 h stress/day, 7 days | 60 mmHg | 1.9 ± 0.7 | Xu et al., 2014 | |
| 1 h stress/day, 14 days | 60 mmHg, 24 h post-stress | 3.4 ± 1.0 | Yi et al., 2014 | |
| Rat, Wistar, Female | 2 h stress | 1.2 ml | 1.3 ± 0.6 | Bradesi et al., 2002 |
| 1.9 ± 0.6 | Fioramonti et al., 2003 | |||
| 1.6 ± 0.6 | Ait-Belgnaoui et al., 2005 | |||
| 1.6 ± 0.5 | Agostini et al., 2012 | |||
| 1.9 ± 0.5 | Miquel et al., 2016 | |||
| 60 mmHg | 1.7 ± 0.6 | Ait-Belgnaoui et al., 2006 | ||
| 2.3 ± 0.7 | Agostini et al., 2009 | |||
| 0.6 ± 0.5 | Eutamene et al., 2010 | |||
| 1.2 ± 0.4 | Silos-Santiago et al., 2013 | |||
| 2.5 ± 0.8 | Gilet et al., 2014 | |||
| 2 h stress/day, 4 days | 1.2 ml | 2.1 ± 0.6 | Bradesi et al., 2002 | |
| WATER AVOIDANCE STRESS (WAS) | ||||
| Mouse, C57BL/6J, Male | 1 h stress/day, 4 days | 0.06 ml | 0.8 ± 0.5 | Annaházi et al., 2012 |
| 1.2 ± 0.6 | Nébot-Vivinus et al., 2014 | |||
| Rat, Fischer 344, Male | 1 h stress | 60 mmHg | 2.0 ± 0.7 | Myers and Greenwood-Van Meerveld, 2012 |
| 1 h stress /day, 7 days | 60 mmHg, 24 h post-stress | 1.5 ± 0.7 | ||
| 2.1 ± 0.7 | Tran et al., 2013 | |||
| 2.1 ± 0.8 | Tran et al., 2014 | |||
| 3.5 ± 1.1 | Johnson et al., 2015 | |||
| Rat, Long Evans, Male | 1 h stress | 60 mmHg, 24 h post-stress | 2.7 ± 0.8 | Prusator and Greenwood-Van Meerveld, 2016a |
| 1 h stress/day, 7 days | 2.5 ± 0.7 | |||
| Rat, Long Evans, Female | 1 h stress | 5.2 ± 1.1 | ||
| 1 h stress/day, 7 days | 5.9 ± 1.3 | |||
| Rat, Sprague Dawley, Male | 1 h stress | 60 mmHg, 24 h post-stress | 0.8 ± 0.5 | Watson et al., 2012 |
| 1 h stress/day, 10 days | 1.6 ± 0.6 | Hong et al., 2009 | ||
| 2.9 ± 0.8 | Hong et al., 2011 | |||
| 2.7 ± 0.8 | Hong et al., 2015 | |||
| 2.5 ± 0.8 | Zheng et al., 2015 | |||
| Rat, Wistar, Male | 1 h stress | 60 mmHg | 1.4 ± 0.6 | Nash et al., 2012 |
| 60 mmHg, 24 h post-stress | 2.8 ± 0.6 | Schwetz et al., 2004 | ||
| 1.0 ± 0.5 | Bradesi et al., 2007 | |||
| 1.0 ± 0.5 | Eutamene et al., 2010 | |||
| 1 h stress /day, 4 days | 60 mmHg | 1.8 ± 0.6 | Da Silva et al., 2014 | |
| 1 h stress/day, 10 days | 60 mmHg | 0.6 ± 0.3 | Bradesi et al., 2005 | |
| 4.0 ± 1.1 | Wang W. et al., 2017 | |||
| 60 mmHg, 24 h post-stress | 1.2 ± 0.6 | Bradesi et al., 2006 | ||
| 2.8 ± 0.9 | Bradesi et al., 2009 | |||
| 2.0 ± 0.6 | Xu et al., 2014 | |||
| 1.7 ± 0.7 | Tang et al., 2015 | |||
| 5.1 ± 0.6 | Sun et al., 2016 | |||
| Rat, Wistar, Female | 1 h stress/day, 10 days | 60 mmHg, 24 h post-stress | 4.9 ± 1.1 | Gilet et al., 2014 |
| VARIABLE STRESS | ||||
| Mouse, C3H/HeN, Male | 19 days | 65 mmHg | 2.5 ± 0.8 | Tramullas et al., 2014 |
| Rat, Sprague Dawley, Male | 9 days | 60 mmHg | 1.5 ± 0.6 | Zhou et al., 2012 |
| 1.2 ± 0.6 | Chen et al., 2013 | |||
| 1.9 ± 0.6 | Zhang et al., 2014 | |||
| 60 mmHg, 24 h post-stress | 3.6 ± 0.8 | Wang et al., 2012 | ||
| 1.8 ± 0.6 | Zhou et al., 2012 | |||
| 2.7 ± 0.7 | Zhang et al., 2014 | |||
| 21 days | 1.2 ml | 0.9 ± 0.5 | Chen et al., 2009 | |
| Rat, Wistar, Male | 9 days | 60 mmHg | 1.3 ± 0.4 | Winston et al., 2010 |
| Area under the curve, 24 h post-stress | 2.8 ± 0.7 | Winston et al., 2014 | ||
| Rat, Wistar, Female | 3.6 ± 1.0 | |||
| AMYGDALA IMPLANTATION | ||||
| Rat, Fischer 344, Male | 7-day post-implant | 30 mmHg | 1.7 ± 0.6 | Greenwood-Van Meerveld et al., 2001 |
| 60 mmHg | 2.3 ± 0.7 | Myers and Greenwood-Van Meerveld, 2007 | ||
| 2.6 ± 0.8 | Myers and Greenwood-Van Meerveld, 2010a | |||
| 2.7 ± 0.8 | Myers and Greenwood-Van Meerveld, 2010b | |||
| 2.5 ± 0.6 | Tran et al., 2012 | |||
| 2.6 ± 0.8 | Johnson and Greenwood-Van Meerveld, 2015 | |||
| 3.4 ± 0.7 | Johnson et al., 2015 | |||
| 14-day post-implant | 60 mmHg | 2.4 ± 0.8 | Myers and Greenwood-Van Meerveld, 2010b | |
| 2.5 ± 0.6 | Tran et al., 2015 | |||
| 28-day post-implant | 60 mmHg | 3.0 ± 0.9 | Myers and Greenwood-Van Meerveld, 2010b | |
| 2.8 ± 0.7 | Johnson et al., 2015 | |||
Due to differences between species, strain, sex, and the methods used to evaluate colonic sensitivity, an effect size for the sham stress vs. stress group was calculated so that the studies could be evaluated and compared on the same scale. For the effect size, Hedges' d with unbiased standard error (se) was estimated from the data presented in the cited paper, based on the formulas 1, 2, 14, and 17 in Nakagawa and Cuthill (2007). Briefly, the magnitude of the effect size allows for a direct comparison between studies from different laboratories. Within each citation, only a single experimental cohort has been reported. Sham and stress exposed animals may have received vehicle treatment(s) before the measurement of colonic sensitivity.