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| Group | Pre | Post | |
|---|---|---|---|
| VAS (cm) | CG | 7.9 ± 0.9 | 6.3 ± 0.9** |
| EG | 8.0 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 1.0**,†† | |
| FROM (degree) | CG | 108.4 ± 23.4 | 112.0 ± 24.3** |
| EG | 88.3 ± 30.4 | 147.7 ± 27.1**,†† | |
| ERROM (degree) | CG | 50.0 ± 15.5 | 52.2 ± 15.6** |
| EG | 45.7 ± 10.9 | 81.3 ± 5.4**,†† | |
VAS: visual analog scale; FROM: flexion ROM; ERROM: external rotation ROM; CG: control group; EG: experimental group; **pair t-test, p<0.01; ††independent sample t-tests, p<0.01
