Table 2. Mean (SD) Angular Displacement Values for Segmental Range of Motion, Elastic Zone, and Neutral Zone.
| Segme nt | Load Level | Lateral Bending | Flexion/Extension | Axial Rotation | Flexion | Extension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||
| ROM (°) |
EZ (°) |
NZ (°) |
ROM (°) |
EZ (°) |
NZ (°) |
ROM (°) |
EZ (°) |
NZ (°) |
ROM (°) |
ROM (°) |
||
| Upper (T1/T4) |
0 N | 6.06 (4.34) |
1.24 (0.87) |
3.58 (2.84) |
12.3 (8.09) |
4.76 (3.03) |
2.85 (1.99) |
10.2 (5.29) |
3.75 (1.88) |
2.66 (1.74) |
8.23 (5.60) |
4.08 (2.54) |
| 200 N | 1.36 (1.55)* |
0.54 (0.55) |
0.32 (0.35)* |
10.8 (6.60) |
4.13 (2.32) |
2.38 (1.39) |
6.58 (2.05) |
2.89 (0.77) |
1.00 (0.77)* |
7.39 (4.60) |
3.19 (1.55) |
|
| 400 N | 1.43 (1.21)* |
0.57 (0.49) |
0.34 (0.23)* |
9.07 (5.35)*† |
3.40 (1.75)*† |
2.01 (1.49) |
6.69 (3.42) |
2.76 (1.60) |
0.94 (0.69)* |
6.13 (3.52)† |
2.67 (1.32)*† |
|
| Middle (T4/T8) |
0 N | 6.10 (4.57) |
1.62 (1.15) |
2.90 (2.49) |
5.17 (3.27) |
2.09 (1.42) |
0.96 (0.60) |
8.85 (6.41) |
3.59 (2.96) |
1.68 (1.10) |
3.70 (2.50) |
1.44 (0.81) |
| 200 N | 1.67 (1.21)* |
0.20 (0.19)* |
1.48 (1.00)* |
5.02 (3.62) |
1.93 (1.38) |
1.09 (0.99) |
8.66 (6.16) |
3.76 (2.51) |
1.16 (1.20) |
3.39 (2.73) |
1.56 (0.95) |
|
| 400 N | 0.71 (0.53)*† |
0.22 (0.13)* |
0.59 (0.21)*† |
4.64 (3.50)† |
1.70 (1.20)*† |
1.13 (1.18) |
7.72 (5.05) |
3.48 (1.98) |
0.95 (1.03) |
2.90 (2.28)*† |
1.63 (1.17) |
|
| Lower (T8/T12) |
0 N | 13.7 (5.55) |
5.31 (1.54) |
3.35 (2.71) |
7.88 (4.36) |
2.80 (1.51) |
2.20 (1.58) |
13.1 (3.80) |
5.58 (1.76) |
1.89 (1.36) |
5.63 (3.28) |
2.17 (1.14) |
| 200 N | 8.62 (3.65) |
1.71 (0.90)* |
5.21 (2.06) |
7.93 (4.64) |
2.45 (1.42)* |
2.89 (1.8 6) |
14.0 (4.43) |
5.89 (1.80) |
2.23 (1.48) |
5.07 (3.47) |
2.73 (1.50)* |
|
| 400 N | 5.07 (3.07)*† |
0.65 (0.42)*† |
3.84 (2.27)† |
7.33 (4.49) |
2.05 (1.07)*† |
3.09 (2.3 4) |
12.2 (3.7 9) |
5.45 (1.4 8) |
1.73 (1.38) |
4.40 (3.12)† |
2.79 (1.32) |
|
-
denotes missing values due to less than five specimen contributing to the average value
*
denotes statistically significant values between 0-200 N and 0-400 N (p < .05)
†
denotes statistically significant values between 200-400 N (p<.05)