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. 2017 Nov 22;8:1984. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01984

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Copyright © 2017 Galland, He, Lounifi, Arc, Clément, Balzergue, Huguet, Cueff, Godin, Collet, Granier, Morin, Tran, Valot and Rajjou.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Description of the dry mature rice seed. (A) The dry mature rice seed (Oryza sativa ssp. japonica cv Nipponbare) is composed of several tissues including the embryo, endosperm (pericarp, testa, aleurone layer and starchy endosperm) and inner starchy endosperm. Scale bar, 1 mm. (B) Dry weight per seed of the isolated embryo (E0), starchy endosperm and the aleurone layer/pericarp tissue. The average percentage of each seed tissue is indicated (average % per seed) along with its standard-deviation (n = 10). The endosperm (A0) is the combination of the starchy endosperm (SE) and of the aleurone layer/pericarp tissue. (C–E) Proteins (blue) and complex carbohydrates (including starch, pink) were revealed using a Periodic Acid Schiff—Naphthol Blue Black staining on 5 μm historesin-embedded semi-thick sections. Stained sections of the embryo shoot apical meristem (C, longitudinal cut), embryo radicule (D, transversal cut) and endosperm dorsal side (E) were visualized by optic microscopy. Scale bars represent 100 μm in (C,D) and 25 μm in (E). Al, Aleurone layer; Cp, coleoptile; Pl, plumule; P/T, pericarp/testa; Rad, radicle; Sc, scutellum; SE, starchy endosperm.