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. 2017 Nov 23;11:3343–3354. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S149700

Figure 4.

Figure 4

NR1 decreased ROS and 3-NT levels in rat RCECs under high glucose conditions.

Notes: RCECs were incubated with 10 μM NR1 in 30 mM glucose for 72 h. The medium containing 5.5 mM glucose was used as a control. ROS were detected with Amplite™ ROS Red, while immunofluorescence was used to quantify the expression of 3-NT, a specific marker of peroxynitrite (ONOO−). Supplementation with NR1 (10 μM) led to a significant reduction in ROS production (A). Confocal microscopy showed that NR1 reduced the 3-NT staining intensity (B). Fluorescence images were analyzed using Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software (C). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=3). ##P<0.01 versus 5.5 mM glucose; **P<0.01 versus 30 mM glucose. Scale bar: 40 μm.

Abbreviations: 3-NT, 3-nitrotyrosine; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; NR1, Notoginsenoside R1; RCECs, retinal capillary endothelial cells; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RFU, relative fluorescence unit.