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. 2017 Nov 22;11:2073–2089. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S140110

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© 2017 Guha Mazumder et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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Schematic diagram showing (A) abnormal polyol metabolism in progressive retinal neurodegeneration and development of diabetic retinopathy; (B) impaired retinol metabolism, and (C) role of UDP-Glc-NAc in progressive neuroretinal degeneration.

Abbreviations: O-Glc-NAc, O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine; RBP, retinol-binding protein; Raldh3, a retinaldehyde dehydrogenase that generates retinoic acid; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; UDP-Glc-NAc, uridine 5′-diphosphate-N-acetyl glucosamine; RXR, retinoid X receptor; RA, retinoic acid; atRA, all-trans retinoic acid; 9cRA, 9-cis-retinoic acid; NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+; NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced); FADH₂, flavin adenine dinucleotide (reduced).

Schematic diagram showing (A) abnormal polyol metabolism in progressive retinal neurodegeneration and development of diabetic retinopathy; (B) impaired retinol metabolism, and (C) role of UDP-Glc-NAc in progressive neuroretinal degeneration.

Abbreviations: O-Glc-NAc, O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine; RBP, retinol-binding protein; Raldh3, a retinaldehyde dehydrogenase that generates retinoic acid; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; UDP-Glc-NAc, uridine 5′-diphosphate-N-acetyl glucosamine; RXR, retinoid X receptor; RA, retinoic acid; atRA, all-trans retinoic acid; 9cRA, 9-cis-retinoic acid; NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+; NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced); FADH₂, flavin adenine dinucleotide (reduced).