Table 2.
Therapeutic applications of EVs in clinical trials.
| Country | EV source | Disease | Drug | phase |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA | dendritic cells | non-small cell lung cancer | MAGE peptides | I105 |
| glioma | malignant glioma | EVs + AS-ODN | I125 | |
| fruit | colon cancer | curcumin | I114 | |
| fruit | mucositis | curcumin | I115 | |
| France | dendritic cells | Metastatic melanoma | melanoma peptide antigens | I106 |
| dendritic cells | non-small cell lung cancer | IFN-γ, MAGE peptides | II108 | |
| UK | FetA modified strain 44/76 | neningitis | vaccine | I113 |
| B:4:P1.7–2,4 strains | meningitis | rMenB vaccine, NadA/fHBP/NHBA | II112 | |
| China | ascites fluid | colorectal cancer | EVs, EVs + GM-CSF | I109 |
| Egypt | umbilical cord-blood derived MSC | type I diabetes mellitus | EVs | I126 |
| Germany | MSC | GVHD | EVs | I116 |
| Norway | B:4:P1.7–2,4 strains | meningitis | vaccine | I110 |
IFN-γ: interferon gamma; NadA: Neisserial adhesin A; fHBP: factor H binding protein; NHBA: Neisserial heparin binding antigen; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; GVHD: Graft-versus-host disease.