Table 2. Descriptive Statistics for Individual and Neighborhood Variablesa at Baseline, By Neighborhood Type, Study of African American Women Participating in a Church-Based Diabetes Prevention Program on Weight Reduction (N = 220), Dallas, Texas, 2014–2016.
| Variable | All Neighborhoods (N = 220) | Most Disadvantaged Neighborhoods (n = 110) | Least Disadvantaged Neighborhoods (n = 110) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 50.1 (11.2) | 50.1 (11.7) | 50.1 (10.9) | .99b |
| Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 36.7 (8.4) | 37.6 (9.7) | 35.7 (7.0) | .13b |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD), in | 41.4 (6.1) | 42.4 (6.2) | 40.4 (5.9) | .06b |
| Allostatic load score,c mean (SD) | 2.3 (1.7) | 2.7 (1.7) | 2.0 (1.6) | .01d |
| No. of high-risk biomarkers, no. (%) of participants | ||||
| 0 | 47 (22.1) | 17 (16.0) | 30 (28.0) | .02d |
| 1–3 | 108 (50.7) | 53 (50.0) | 55 (51.4) | |
| >3 | 58 (27.2) | 36 (34.0) | 22 (20.6) | |
| Composite neighborhood disadvantage scoree, mean (SD) | 0 (1.0) | 0.8 (0.7) | −0.8 (0.4) | <.001b |
| Education, no. (%) of participants | ||||
| ≤High school diploma or equivalent | 31 (15.5) | 19 (19.4) | 12 (11.8) | .39f |
| Some college/technical degree | 74 (37.0) | 40 (40.8) | 34 (33.3) | |
| College degree | 95 (47.5) | 39 (39.8) | 56 (54.9) | |
| Annual household income, no. (%) of participants | ||||
| <$25,000 | 40 (20.0) | 27 (27.5) | 13 (12.8) | .02f |
| $25,000–$49,999 | 64 (32.0) | 34 (34.7) | 30 (29.4) | |
| $50,000–$74,999 | 47 (23.5) | 23 (23.5) | 24 (23.5) | |
| ≥$75,000 | 49 (24.5) | 14 (14.3) | 35 (34.3) | |
| Physical activity, no. (%) | ||||
| <150 min per week | 141 (66.2) | 70 (66.0) | 71 (66.4) | .96g |
| ≥150 min per week | 72 (33.8) | 36 (34.0) | 36 (33.6) | |
| Alcohol consumption in past 30 days, no. (%) | ||||
| Yes | 123 (57.7) | 61 (57.6) | 62 (58.0) | .95g |
| No | 90 (42.3) | 45 (42.4) | 45 (42.0) | |
| Smoking status, no. (%) | ||||
| Never | 163 (81.5) | 78 (79.6) | 85 (83.3) | .50g |
| Former/current | 37 (18.5) | 20 (20.4) | 17 (16.7) | |
| Perceived stressh, mean (SD) | 15.5 (6.8) | 14.9 (6.7) | 15.9 (7.2) | .30b |
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.
All data were measured at the individual level, except for composite neighborhood disadvantage score.
P value obtained from hierarchical mixed-effect model for normal model with a random intercept.
Calculated by summing the number of biomarkers for which the participant was categorized as high risk; score ranged from 0 to 9. Data were collected on 9 biomarkers: body mass index, waist circumference, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and salivary cortisol.
P value obtained from hierarchical mixed-effect model for Poisson regression with a random intercept.
Determined by examining 10 previously developed measures of disadvantage at the neighborhood level: percentage of households living in poverty, percentage of households receiving public assistance, percentage of unoccupied housing units, percentage of renter-occupied housing, percentage of households living in the same house 5 years ago, percentage of occupied housing units with no vehicle, percentage of occupied housing units with more than 1 person per room (crowding), percentage of adults aged 25 or older without a high school diploma or equivalent, percentage of unemployed individuals 16 years or older in the civilian work force, and percentage of female-headed households.
P value obtained from hierarchical mixed effect model for multicategory logit model with a random intercept.
P value obtained from hierarchical mixed effect model for logistic regression with a random intercept.
Measured by using the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale in which respondents reported feelings of stress and coping in the past month on a 5-point Likert scale from 0 (lowest) to 4 (highest) (24). The 10 items were summed to create a composite score (score range, 0–40) for stress in which greater values indicate greater levels of perceived stress.