Table 2. Adjusted Odds of Diabetes, by Medicaid Status, Hawaii Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2013–2015a .
| Variables | All | Medicaid | Non-Medicaid |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | |||
| Medicaid beneficiary | 1.75 (1.33–2.31) | — | — |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Male | 1.21 (1.02–1.44) | 1.44 (0.85–2.45) | 1.18 (0.98–1.42) |
| Body mass index | |||
| Normal | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Overweight | 2.02 (1.61–2.53) | 2.86 (1.54–5.32) | 1.94 (1.52–2.47) |
| Obese | 4.34 (3.44–5.47) | 3.04 (1.70–5.44) | 4.59 (3.58–5.89) |
| Age, y | |||
| 18–44 (young) | 1 [Reference] | ||
| 45–64 (middle-aged) | 3.47 (2.62–4.60) | 3.29 (1.84–5.90) | 3.60 (2.61–4.97) |
| ≥65 (senior) | 4.05 (2.95–5.56) | 2.48 (1.18–5.22) | 4.26 (2.99–6.07) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White, non-Hispanic | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Asian, non-Hispanic | 2.51 (2.04–3.09) | 3.90 (1.99–7.65) | 2.43 (1.95–3.03) |
| NH/OPI, non-Hispanic | 2.80 (1.86–4.20) | 4.68 (1.91–11.49) | 2.41 (1.56–3.71) |
| Two or more races, non-Hispanic | 2.31 (1.84–2.89) | 2.60 (1.40–4.83) | 2.28 (1.80–2.90) |
| Hispanic | 2.22 (1.61–3.07) | 1.97 (0.92–4.21) | 2.31 (1.63–3.29) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Divorced | 0.75 (0.59–0.95) | 1.05 (0.57–1.93) | 0.73 (0.56–0.95) |
| Widowed | 1.09 (0.85–1.39) | 0.94 (0.37–2.42) | 1.10 (0.86–1.42) |
| Separated | 0.66 (0.33–1.33) | 0.87 (0.25–3.05) | 0.63 (0.26–1.49) |
| Never married | 0.73 (0.56–0.94) | 0.88 (0.46–1.69) | 0.68 (0.51–0.90) |
| Member of an unmarried couple | 0.60 (0.29–1.22) | 0.95 (0.22–4.16) | 0.52 (0.24–1.12) |
| Checkup within past year | 1.92 (1.51–2.46) | 1.76 (0.93–3.33) | 1.95 (1.51–2.53) |
| Participate in any physical activities or exercises | 0.63 (0.52–0.77) | 0.64 (0.40–1.03) | 0.63 (0.51–0.78) |
| Immunization | |||
| Adult influenza shot/spray during past 12 months | 1.34 (1.13–1.60) | 1.08 (0.67–1.74) | 1.38 (1.14–1.67) |
| Pneumonia shot ever | 2.51 (2.06–3.05) | 2.60 (1.50–4.49) | 2.52 (2.04–3.11) |
| Days in past 30 days had an alcoholic beverage | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | 0.98 (0.94–1.01) | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) |
Abbreviations: —, not applicable; NH/OPI, Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander.
a
All variables in the multivariate logistic regression models were included in the table. For all participants, the sample size used in the analysis was 13,874 with a weighted sample size of 664,939. For the Medicaid subgroup, the sample size used in the analysis was 1,416 with a weighted sample size of 61,587. For the non-Medicaid subgroup, the sample size used in the analysis was 12,483 with a weighted sample size of 604,505.