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. 2017 Nov 23;5:301. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00301

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Copyright © 2017 Oluwole.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Southern oscillation (SOI) and sea surface temperature (SST) joint recurrence. (A) shows periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic regimes similar to the Lorenz model in the joint recurrence of annual oscillatory components of SOI and SST. The cross-correlation index in (B) shows the time-varying changes in synchronization of SOI and SST, while (C) shows time-varying changes in transitivity. The arrow heads indicate the timing of the first peak of each influenza pandemics. Metrics were calculated for 36-month windows that spanned 18 months before and after the first peak.