TABLE 3.
Bivariate and Adjusted Associations Between Morning Stress and Mood Levels With Evening Food Pressuring and Restrictive Feeding Practices (N = 150 Caregivers; N = 1044 Meal Occasions)
| Independent Predictor: Stress | OR | 95% CI | P | Independent Predictor: Mood | OR | 95% CI | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full sample adjusted analyses | |||||||
| Pressure to eat | 1.45 | (1.08 to 1.94) | .013* | Pressure to eat | 1.42 | (1.01 to 1.99) | .043* |
| Restriction | 1.26 | (0.96 to 1.64) | .091 | Restriction | 1.24 | (0.96 to 1.58) | .096 |
| Stratified by race and/or ethnicity | |||||||
| African American (N = 25, N = 170 meals) | African American (N = 25, N = 170 meals) | ||||||
| Pressure to eat | 1.46 | (0.45 to 4.74) | .531 | Pressure to eat | 1.05 | (0.51 to 2.14) | .894 |
| Restriction | 1.02 | (0.56 to 1.84) | .951 | Restriction | 1.04 | (0.56 to 1.93) | .892 |
| White (N = 25, N = 182 meals) | White (N = 25, N = 182 meals) | ||||||
| Pressure to eat | 0.90 | (0.56 to 1.44) | .661 | Pressure to eat | 0.49 | (0.19 to 1.26) | .140 |
| Restriction | 0.47 | (0.19 to 1.16) | .100 | Restriction | 0.81 | (0.16 to 4.21) | .807 |
| Hmong (N = 25, N = 185 meals) | Hmong (N = 25, N = 185 meals) | ||||||
| Pressure to eat | 1.14 | (0.67 to 1.95) | .633 | Pressure to eat | 1.09 | (0.55 to 2.13) | .811 |
| Restriction | 1.42 | (0.78 to 2.60) | .253 | Restriction | 1.27 | (0.70 to 2.31) | .438 |
| Hispanic/Latino (N = 25, N = 178 meals) | Hispanic/Latino (N = 25, N = 178 meals) | ||||||
| Pressure to eat | 1.12 | (0.76 to 1.63) | .566 | Pressure to eat | 1.09 | (0.61 to 1.97) | .764 |
| Restriction | 0.97 | (0.60 to 1.56) | .888 | Restriction | 0.97 | (0.48 to 1.94) | .925 |
| American Indian (N = 25, N = 162 meals) | American Indian (N = 25, N = 162 meals) | ||||||
| Pressure to eat | 2.64 | (1.49 to 4.67) | .001* | Pressure to eat | 2.40 | (1.29 to 4.49) | .006* |
| Restriction | 1.19 | (0.61 to 2.32) | .614 | Restriction | 1.24 | (0.76 to 2.00) | .390 |
| Somali (N = 25, N = 167 meals) | Somali (N = 25, N = 167 meals) | ||||||
| Pressure to eat | 2.02 | (1.05 to 3.91) | .036* | Pressure to eat | 1.55 | (0.79 to 3.02) | .203 |
| Restriction | 1.49 | (0.80 to 2.77) | .210 | Restriction | 1.06 | (0.63 to 1.80) | .819 |
Adjusted models include covariates: primary caregiver and/or child age, sex, and weight status; family race; weekend or weekday observation. Interpretation example: a 1-unit increase in morning stress was associated with 45% greater odds of pressure-to-eat feeding practices (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.94, P = .013) the same night at dinner, after controlling for all other covariates in the adjusted models. Effect modification interpretation: the relationship between stress and pressure-to-eat feeding practices was strongest for American Indian caregivers (OR: 2.64, 95% CI: 1.49 to 4.67, P = .001) and for Somali caregivers (OR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.05 to 3.91, P = .36).
P < .05.