Figure 5.

Effects of voluntary exercise and TMAO supplementation on myocardial inflammatory cytokines in mice fed a western diet (WD). (A) Representative Western blots of inflammatory cytokines from each group. Compared with normal diet (ND)-sedentary mice, WD-sedentary mice exhibited increased protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (B) and decreased protein levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (C). WD-induced changes in both inflammatory cytokines were prevented by voluntary exercise but reversed by concomitant administration of TMAO in mice fed a WD. Sedentary: SED; voluntary exercise: EXE. Data are presented as mean ± SE (n = 10 for each group). ^*P < 0.05 vs. ND-SED; ^†P < 0.05, WD-EXE vs. WD-SED; ^§P < 0.05, WD-EXE-TMAO vs. WD-EXE.