Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of patients with Wilson’s disease in Hong Kong [n = 211, n (%)]
| Variables | Clinical characteristics |
| Age | 27.9 (18.2-39.7) |
| Male | 104 (49.3) |
| Drug | 193 (91.5) |
| D-penicillamine1 | 129 (61.6) |
| Trientine2 | 22 (10.4) |
| Zinc | 42 (19.9) |
| Hepatic disease | 176 (83.4) |
| Cirrhosis | 38 (21.6) |
| Cirrhotic complications | 19 (10.8) |
| Ascites | 10 (5.7) |
| Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis | 5 (2.8) |
| Esophageal varices | 10 (5.7) |
| Gastric varices | 5 (2.8) |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 8 (4.5) |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 3 (1.7) |
| Neurological disease | 30 (14.2) |
| Parkinsonism | 15 (50.0) |
| Tremor | 3 (10.0) |
| Dystonia | 4 (13.3) |
| Tics | 1 (3.3) |
| Dementia | 2 (6.7) |
| Seizure | 7 (23.3) |
| Psychiatric disease | 24 (11.4) |
| Depression | 9 (37.5) |
| Anxiety | 2 (8.3) |
| Bipolar disorder | 4 (16.7) |
| Organic affective syndrome | 3 (12.5) |
| Psychosis | 4 (16.7) |
| Personality disorder | 3 (12.5) |
| Suicide | 4 (16.7) |
| Concomitant hepatic and neurological/psychiatric diseases | 21 (10.0) |
| Non-immune hemolytic anemia | 8 (3.8) |
| Viral hepatitis | 7 (3.3) |
| Chronic hepatitis B infection | 5 (71.4) |
| Chronic hepatitis C infection | 2 (28.6) |
| Metabolic factors | 17 (8.1) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 3 (17.6) |
| Hypertension | 7 (41.2) |
| Dyslipidemia | 4 (23.5) |
| Obesity | 4 (23.5) |
| Alcoholism | 4 (23.5) |
| Liver transplantation | 24 (11.3) |
| Death | 26 (12.3) |
1
Twenty four patients had concomitant zinc therapy during the initial treatment phase or maintenance phase;
2
Eight patients had concomitant zinc therapy during the initial treatment phase or maintenance phase. Age was expressed as median (years) with interquartile range. Categorical variables were expressed as n (%).