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. 2017 Nov 27;7:16372. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16142-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Oscilloscope traces of unipolar (UP) and symmetrical bipolar (BP) nanosecond pulses (nsEPs). (a–c) The UP nsEPs are of a single positive polarity (↑) pulse ranging from 300, 600 and 900 nanoseconds (ns). (d–f) The BP nsEPs consist of a ↑300, ↑600, or ↑900 ns front pulse, and are considered symmetrical because the front pulse is followed by a negative polarity pulse (↓) of the same duration, and peak-to-peak voltage.