Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristic | Cases, n (%) | Controls, n (%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| All subjects | 202 (100) | 624 (100) | |
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 7·70 (3·28) | 7·34 (3·40) | 0·186 |
| Age group, years | 0·568 | ||
| 0–2 | 7 (3·5) | 37 (5·9) | |
| 3–5 | 52 (25·7) | 174 (27·8) | |
| 6–8 | 65 (32·2) | 197 (31·6) | |
| 9–11 | 46 (22·8) | 134 (21·5) | |
| 12–15 | 32 (15·8) | 82 (13·1) | |
| Sexa | 0·126 | ||
| Males | 122 (61·3) | 344 (55·1) | |
| Females | 77 (38·7) | 280 (44·9) | |
| Rural/urbana | 0·56 | ||
| Rural | 118 (61·1) | 396 (63·5) | |
| Urban | 75 (38·9) | 228 (36·5) | |
| Proximity to surface watera | < 0·001 | ||
| Near | 167 (86·5) | 449 (72·0) | |
| Far | 26 (13·5) | 175 (28·0) | |
| Study region | 0·499 | ||
| Northwest | 42 (20·8) | 144 (23·1) | |
| North-central | 160 (79·2) | 480 (76·9) | |
| Anemiaa | < 0·001 | ||
| Not anemic (Hb > 11.6 g/dl) | 51 (28·2) | 460 (76·2) | |
| Anemic (Hb ≤ 11.6 g/dl) | 130 (71·8) | 144 (23·8) | |
| Inpatient malariaa | 0·016 | ||
| No | 135 (67·8) | 413 (66·7) | |
| Past 12 months | 14 (7·0) | 86 (13·9) | |
| > 13 months | 50 (25·1) | 120 (19·4) | |
| Outpatient malariaa | < 0·001 | ||
| No | 61 (30·6) | 141 (22·8) | |
| Past 12 months | 88 (44·2) | 420 (67·8) | |
| > 13 months | 50 (25·1) | 58 (9·4) | |
| Malaria infectiona, b | < 0·001 | ||
| Negative | 129 (64·8) | 271 (43·6) | |
| Positive | 70 (35·2) | 351 (56·4) |
a
Computation of percentages did not include categories with missing information. Three subjects with discordant gender on different forms were coded as missing for gender.
b
Malaria infection status was determined by thick film microscopy or rapid diagnostic test results as described in Maziarz et al., 2017. As < 2·1% of the controls had a current fever, malaria infection was considered incidental in asymptomatic subjects.