Table 2.
Association of tuberculosis and other covariates with depression estimated by multivariable multinomial logistic regression
| Depression subtypes (Reference = No depression) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subsyndromal depression | Brief depressive episode | Depressive episode | |||||
| Characteristic | Category | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value |
| Tuberculosis | Yes vs. No | 1.98 (1.47–2.67) | <0.0001 | 1.75 (1.26–2.42) | 0.0008 | 3.68 (3.01–4.50) | <0.0001 |
| Age, years | Per unit increase | 1.02 (1.02–1.03) | <0.0001 | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.0003 | 1.02 (1.02–1.02) | <0.0001 |
| Sex | Female vs. Male | 1.84 (1.60–2.12) | <0.0001 | 2.19 (1.94–2.46) | <0.0001 | 2.06 (1.87–2.27) | <0.0001 |
| Education | No formal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Primary | 0.86 (0.72–1.03) | 0.1101 | 0.95 (0.82–1.10) | 0.4629 | 0.92 (0.83–1.03) | 0.1414 | |
| Secondary | 0.76 (0.61–0.94) | 0.0133 | 0.98 (0.81–1.18) | 0.8148 | 0.77 (0.67–0.88) | 0.0001 | |
| Tertiary | 0.83 (0.53–1.30) | 0.4073 | 0.80 (0.62–1.02) | 0.0686 | 0.82 (0.53–1.25) | 0.3464 | |
| Wealth | Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Poorer | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) | 0.9855 | 0.98 (0.84–1.16) | 0.8384 | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) | 0.4023 | |
| Middle | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | 0.5281 | 0.90 (0.76–1.06) | 0.2022 | 0.96 (0.84–1.08) | 0.4651 | |
| Richer | 1.05 (0.81–1.36) | 0.7289 | 0.97 (0.82–1.16) | 0.7557 | 0.87 (0.76–1.00) | 0.0486 | |
| Richest | 0.90 (0.64–1.26) | 0.5175 | 0.80 (0.66–0.97) | 0.0229 | 0.69 (0.57–0.83) | 0.0001 | |
| Household size | Per unit increase | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 0.0296 | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 0.4946 | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.2889 |
| Setting | Urban vs. Rural | 0.93 (0.79–1.11) | 0.4373 | 1.12 (0.98–1.28) | 0.0978 | 1.05 (0.94–1.17) | 0.4040 |
| Current smoking | Yes vs. No | 1.31 (1.10–1.55) | 0.0026 | 1.26 (1.10–1.44) | 0.0007 | 1.29 (1.14–1.45) | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol consumption | Lifetime abstainer | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Non-heavy | 1.27 (1.09–1.47) | 0.0026 | 1.51 (1.32–1.73) | <0.0001 | 1.10 (0.99–1.22) | 0.0685 | |
| Infrequent heavy | 1.45 (1.02–2.06) | 0.0407 | 1.72 (1.29–2.28) | 0.0002 | 1.03 (0.83–1.29) | 0.7845 | |
| Frequent heavy | 2.10 (1.15–3.85) | 0.0159 | 1.85 (1.18–2.92) | 0.0080 | 1.14 (0.79–1.65) | 0.4887 | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | <18.5 | 1.02 (0.76–1.36) | 0.8991 | 1.01 (0.83–1.23) | 0.8988 | 1.08 (0.90–1.31) | 0.4065 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 25.0–29.9 | 1.10 (0.89–1.36) | 0.3673 | 0.96 (0.83–1.11) | 0.5485 | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) | 0.8586 | |
| ≥30.0 | 1.09 (0.84–1.41) | 0.5230 | 1.05 (0.86–1.29) | 0.6136 | 1.05 (0.91–1.22) | 0.4831 | |
| Diabetes | Yes vs. No | 1.14 (0.84–1.54) | 0.4000 | 1.39 (1.09–1.76) | 0.0076 | 1.91 (1.62–2.24) | <0.0001 |
Model is adjusted for all variables in the Table and country