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. 2017 Nov 28;17:125. doi: 10.1186/s12876-017-0683-9

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© The Author(s). 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 4 — Alpha and beta diversity of gut microbiota in patients with cirrhosis, before and after lactulose. Legend: a: Principal co-ordinate analysis of weighted UniFrac distances between faecal specimens collected from patients with cirrhosis before (red) and after (blue) lactulose administration. b: Comparison of weighted UniFrac distances between individual pre-lactulose specimens from different patients (left, in blue) and between paired (pre- and post-lactulose) specimens from each patient (right, in red); the latter distances were significantly less (p < 0.001) than the former. c: Comparison of measures of alpha diversity between specimens from patients with cirrhosis collected before (red) and after (blue) lactulose administration. The p values shown were obtained using Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction