TABLE 4.
Mixed-Level Logistic Regression Analysis of Quartiles of Ambient Air Pollutants by Trimester of Exposure and Cord Blood Immune System Biomarkers Among Boys, Odds Ratio, and 95% Confidence Intervals∗
| Pollutant | N (%) | IgE ≥0.5 ku/L | IL-33/TSLP ≥80%ile |
| NO2, ppb | |||
| Trimester 1 | |||
| ≤7.77 | 81 (15.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 7.78 to ≤14.15 | 142 (27.2) | 0.95 (0.42–2.20) | 1.08 (0.52–2.26) |
| 14.16 to ≤20.76 | 133 (25.4) | 1.13 (0.47–2.69) | 0.82 (0.38–1.78) |
| >20.76 | 167 (31.9) | 1.31 (0.57–3.03) | 0.91 (0.43–1.91) |
| Trimester 2 | |||
| ≤7.77 | 90 (16.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 7.78 to ≤14.15 | 138 (25.5) | 1.12 (0.53–2.36) | 1.17 (0.56–2.45) |
| 14.16 to ≤20.76 | 183 (33.8) | 0.67 (0.30–1.47) | 0.70 (0.33–1.49) |
| >20.76 | 131 (24.2) | 0.54 (0.22–1.30) | 1.18 (0.56–2.52) |
| Trimester 3 | |||
| ≤7.77 | 125 (22.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 7.78 to ≤14.15 | 135 (24.0) | 1.30 (0.64–2.64) | 0.63 (0.30–1.31) |
| 14.16 to ≤20.76 | 174 (31.0) | 0.59 (0.26–1.35) | 1.05 (0.55–2.00) |
| >20.76 | 128 (22.8) | 0.79 (0.33–1.89) | 0.99 (0.50–1.97) |
| PM2.5, μg/m3 | |||
| Trimester 1 | |||
| ≤6.01 | 178 (26.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 6.02 to ≤8.43 | 203 (30.3) | 1.09 (0.59–2.02) | 0.79 (0.44–1.41) |
| 8.44 to ≤9.23 | 115 (17.1) | 1.50 (0.72–3.13) | 0.93 (0.48–1.79) |
| >9.23 | 175 (26.1) | 0.93 (0.46–1.89) | 0.98 (0.55–1.75) |
| Trimester 2 | |||
| ≤6.01 | 193 (28.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 6.02 to ≤8.43 | 167 (24.9) | 1.21 (0.64–2.28) | 0.79 (0.43–1.47) |
| 8.44 to ≤9.23 | 124 (18.5) | 0.97 (0.46–2.06) | 1.08 (0.58–2.03) |
| >9.23 | 187 (27.9) | 0.60 (0.29–1.27) | 1.19 (0.67–2.09) |
| Trimester 3 | |||
| ≤6.01 | 194 (28.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 6.02 to ≤8.43 | 198 (29.5) | 1.31 (0.72–2.40) | 1.75 (0.99–3.09) |
| 8.44 to ≤9.23 | 123 (18.3) | 0.81 (0.38–1.73) | 1.00 (0.50–2.02) |
| >9.23 | 156 (23.2) | 1.05 (0.52–2.09) | 1.34 (0.72–2.48) |
IgE, immunoglobulin E; IL, interleukin; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin.
*Adjusted for maternal age and income (center and FSA are random effects).