TABLE 5.
Mixed-Level Logistic Regression Analysis of Air Pollutants by Trimester of Exposure and Cord Blood Immune System Biomarkers Among Girls, Odds Ratios, and 95% Confidence Intervals∗
| Pollutant | N (%) | IgE ≥0.5 ku/L | IL-33/TSLP ≥80%ile |
| NO2, ppb | |||
| Trimester 1 | |||
| ≤7.77 | 118 (24.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 0.78 to ≤14.15 | 133 (28.1) | 1.81 (0.80–4.07) | 0.82 (0.35–1.95) |
| 14.16 to ≤20.76 | 102 (21.6) | 2.39 (1.03–5.55) | 1.36 (0.56–3.29) |
| >20.76 | 120 (25.4) | 1.67 (0.72–3.86) | 1.89 (0.84–4.27) |
| Trimester 2 | |||
| ≤7.77 | 118 (24.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 7.78 to ≤14.15 | 145 (29.9) | 1.56 (0.69–3.48) | 1.27 (0.58–2.76) |
| 14.16 to ≤20.76 | 105 (21.6) | 3.37 (1.49–7.62) | 2.45 (1.13–5.32) |
| >20.76 | 117 (24.1) | 1.13 (0.47–2.74) | 1.90 (0.88–4.08) |
| Trimester 3 | |||
| ≤7.77 | 146 (29.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 7.78 to ≤14.15 | 136 (27.4) | 1.45 (0.71–2.97) | 2.41 (1.08–5.37) |
| 14.16 to ≤20.76 | 113 (22.8) | 1.43 (0.67–3.05) | 2.71 (1.19–6.16) |
| >20.76 | 131 (20.4) | 1.63 (0.77–3.47) | 4.39 (2.00–9.64) |
| PM2.5, μg/m3 | |||
| Trimester 1 | |||
| ≤6.01 | 169 (29.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 6.02 to ≤8.43 | 158 (27.2) | 1.47 (0.72–2.96) | 0.93 (0.45–1.90) |
| 8.44 to ≤9.23 | 98 (16.9) | 1.26 (0.55–2.86) | 0.81 (0.35–1.85) |
| >9.23 | 155 (26.7) | 2.37 (1.23–4.58) | 1.34 (0.66–2.70) |
| Trimester 2 | |||
| ≤6.01 | 148 (25.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 6.02 to ≤8.43 | 166 (28.6) | 1.84 (0.89–3.78) | 1.59 (0.79–3.19) |
| 8.44 to ≤9.23 | 113 (19.5) | 1.75 (0.80–3.85) | 2.16 (1.03–4.53) |
| >9.23 | 153 (26.4) | 1.92 (0.92–4.00) | 1.10 (0.51–2.36) |
| Trimester 3 | |||
| ≤6.01 | 170 (29.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 6.02 to ≤8.43 | 166 (28.6) | 1.05 (0.53–2.08) | 1.04 (0.52–2.09) |
| 8.44 to ≤9.23 | 123 (21.2) | 1.52 (0.76–3.03) | 1.72 (0.85–3.48) |
| >9.23 | 121 (20.9) | 1.60 (0.80–3.18) | 1.27 (0.62–2.61) |
IgE, immunoglobulin E; IL, interleukin; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin.
*Adjusted for maternal age and income (center and FSA are random effects).