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Trends of resistance and reactance parameters in GOLD pulmonary function classification. (A) Resistance parameters Z5%pred, R5%pred, and (R5-R20)% R5 ∗ 100; (B) reactance parameters X5 and Ax; and (C) reactance parameters Fres. Ax = reactance area, Fres = frequency response, GOLD = Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, %pred = of the predicted value, R20 = resistance at 20 Hz, R5 = resistance at 5 Hz, X5 = reactance at 5 Hz, Z5 = total respiratory impedance.
