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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Prev Med. 2017 Aug 14;53(5):e165–e174. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.06.018

Table 3.

Association of Modifiable Diabetes Risk Factors With Incident Diabetes Over 8 Years

Exposures Poisson regression model – Incident rate ratio (95% CI) for incident
diabetes n=3,252 with 560 cases
N/Diabetes
cases		 Model 1a Model 2a Model 3a Model 4a
Smoking
    Current 383/68 ref ref ref ref
    Former <12 months 30/5 0.65 (0.26, 1.63) 0.66 (0.27, 1.65) 0.72 (0.29, 1.79) 0.72 (0.29, 1.77)
    Never or quit ≥12 months 2,839/487 0.90 (0.70, 1.15) 0.90 (0.70, 1.16) 0.83 (0.64, 1.06) 0.83 (0.65, 1.07)
    Continuousb 0.95 (0.84, 1.08) 0.96 (0.84, 1.08) 0.91 (0.80, 1.03) 0.91 (0.81, 1.04)
TV watching
    ≥4 hours/day 1,117/211 ref ref ref ref
    1–3.9 hours/day 1,667/281 0.95 (0.79, 1.13) 0.96 (0.80, 1.15) 0.97 (0.81, 1.17) 0.99 (0.82, 1.18)
    <1 hour/day 468/68 0.88 (0.67, 1.15) 0.91 (0.69, 1.19) 0.95 (0.72, 1.25) 0.95 (0.72, 1.25)
    Continuousb 0.94 (0.83, 1.07) 0.95 (0.84, 1.08) 0.97 (0.86, 1.11) 0.98 (0.86, 1.11)
Physical activity
    Poor 1,468/279 ref ref ref ref
    Intermediate 1,087/181 0.97 (0.80, 1.16) 0.99 (0.82, 1.20) 1.00 (0.83, 1.21) 1.01 (0.84, 1.22)
    Ideal 697/100 0.84 (0.67, 1.06) 0.88 (0.70, 1.11) 0.91 (0.72, 1.15) 0.92 (0.72, 1.16)
    Continuousb 0.93 (0.83, 1.03) 0.95 (0.85, 1.06) 0.96 (0.86, 1.07) 0.97 (0.86, 1.08)
Healthy diet score
    Poor 2,063/354 ref ref ref ref
    Intermediate 1,165/203 0.92 (0.78, 1.10) 0.95 (0.79, 1.13) 0.93 (0.78, 1.11) 0.94 (0.78, 1.11)
    Ideal 24/3 0.64 (0.20, 1.99) 0.66 (0.21, 2.06) 0.74 (0.24, 2.33) 0.77 (0.24, 2.40)
    Continuousb 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) 0.94 (0.79, 1.11) 0.92 (0.78, 1.10) 0.93 (0.78, 1.10)
Sleep disordered breathing burden
    Severe 113/23 ref ref ref ref
    Moderate 880/182 0.95 (0.64, 1.42) 0.97 (0.65, 1.45) 0.95 (0.64, 1.40) 0.96 (0.65, 1.41)
    Mild 1,908/299 0.73 (0.49, 1.08) 0.74 (0.50, 1.10) 0.77 (0.53, 1.13) 0.78 (0.54, 1.14)
    None 351/56 0.73 (0.46, 1.15) 0.75 (0.47, 1.18) 0.83 (0.53, 1.31) 0.84 (0.53, 1.31)
    Continuousb 0.85 (0.75, 0.95) 0.85 (0.76, 0.96) 0.89 (0.79, 1.01) 0.90 (0.80, 1.01)
Combined modifiable lifestyle risk factors scorec
    Poor 365/79 ref ref ref ref
    Average 2,544/437 0.78 (0.61, 0.98) 0.79 (0.62, 1.00) 0.79 (0.62, 0.99) 0.80 (0.63, 1.01)
    Optimal 343/44 0.63 (0.43, 0.90) 0.66 (0.45, 0.96) 0.69 (0.48, 1.01) 0.71 (0.49, 1.03)
    Continuousb 0.79 (0.66, 0.94) 0.81 (0.67, 0.97) 0.82 (0.68, 0.98) 0.83 (0.69, 1.00)

Notes: Boldface indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).

a

Model 1: age, sex; Model 2: Model 1 + education, current occupation status, alcohol use, systolic blood pressure; Model 3: Model 2 + BMI; Model 4: Model 2 + waist circumference

b

Continuous per categorical increase in modifiable lifestyle risk factor category.

c

Modifiable lifestyle risk factor score: Poor Score (0–3), Average (4–7), Optimal (8–11) (Smoking: Current smoker (0 points), ormer ≤12 months (1 point), Never or quit ≥12 months (2 points); TV watching: >4 hours/day (0 points), 1–4 hours/day (1 point), <1 hour/day (2 points); AHA physical activity: poor (0 points), intermediate (1 point), ideal (2 points); AHA healthy diet: Poor (0 points), Intermediate (1 point), Ideal (2 points); Sleep disordered breathing burden: Severe (0 points), Moderate (1 point), Mild (2 points), None (3 points)

AHA, American Heart Association