Table 4.
The Stratified Associations of Modifiable Diabetes Risk Factors With Incident Diabetes Over 8 Years
| Exposures | N/Diabetes cases |
Model 1a | Model 2a | Model 3a | Model 4a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||
| Poisson regression model – Incident rate ratio (95% CI) | |||||
| Incident diabetes stratified by WHO BMI categories | |||||
| Modifiable lifestyle risk factor score -BMI <30 kg/m2 (n=1,634) | |||||
| Poor | 177/27 | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Average | 1,246/138 | 0.63 (0.42, 0.93) | 0.64 (0.43, 0.96) | 0.60 (0.40, 0.91) | 0.62 (0.42, 0.92) |
| Optimal | 211/18 | 0.53 (0.30, 0.96) | 0.57 (0.31, 1.04) | 0.53 (0.29, 0.97) | 0.55 (0.30, 1.00) |
| Continuousb | 0.71 (0.52, 0.96) | 0.73 (0.54, 1.00) | 0.70 (0.51, 0.96) | 0.71 (0.52, 0.97) | |
| Modifiable Lifestyle Score- BMI >30 kg/m2 (n=1,618) | |||||
| Poor | 188/52 | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Average | 1,298/299 | 0.90 (0.67, 1.20) | 0.90 (0.67, 1.21) | 0.90 (0.67, 1.21) | 0.90 (0.67, 1.21) |
| Optimal | 132/26 | 0.81 (0.51, 1.30) | 0.83 (0.51, 1.34) | 0.83 (0.52, 1.34) | 0.84 (0.52, 1.36) |
| Continuousb | 0.90 (0.72, 1.13) | 0.91 (0.72, 1.14) | 0.91 (0.72, 1.14) | 0.91 (0.73, 1.15) | |
| Normal waist circumference versus central obesity | |||||
| Modifiable lifestyle risk factor score -normal waist circumferenc e (n=1,126) | |||||
| Poor | 125/19 | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Average | 856/70 | 0.57 (0.35, 0.92) | 0.56 (0.34, 0.92) | 0.55 (0.33, 0.91) | 0.55 (0.34, 0.91) |
| Optimal | 145/11 | 0.54 (0.26, 1.13) | 0.58 (0.27, 1.24) | 0.56 (0.26, 1.21) | 0.57 (0.27, 1.23) |
| Continuousb | 0.69 (0.47, 1.01) | 0.70 (0.47, 1.05) | 0.69 (0.46, 1.04) | 0.69 (0.46, 1.04) | |
| Modifiable lifestyle risk factor score -central obesity (n=2,126) | |||||
| Poor | 240/60 | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Average | 1,688/367 | 0.88 (0.67, 1.16) | 0.89 (0.68, 1.17) | 0.89 (0.68, 1.17) | 0.89 (0.68, 1.17) |
| Optimal | 198/33 | 0.77 (0.50, 1.17) | 0.77 (0.51, 1.20) | 0.80 (0.52, 1.22) | 0.80 (0.52, 1.22) |
| Continuousb | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) | 0.88 (0.72, 1.09) | 0.89 (0.73, 1.10) | 0.89 (0.73, 1.10) | |
| Normal versus prediabetes | |||||
| Modifiable lifestyle risk factor scorec -normoglyce mia at baseline (n=1,836) | |||||
| Poor | 195/20 | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Average | 1,426/78 | 0.56 (0.34, 0.91) | 0.58 (0.36, 0.96) | 0.63 (0.38, 1.02) | 0.65 (0.40, 1.07) |
| Optimal | 215/10 | 0.48 (0.23, 1.03) | 0.53 (0.24, 1.15) | 0.63 (0.29, 1.37) | 0.65 (0.30, 1.44) |
| Continuousb | 0.65 (0.44, 0.97) | 0.68 (0.46, 1.02) | 0.74 (0.49, 1.10) | 0.76 (0.51, 1.14) | |
| Modifiable lifestyle risk factor Scorec - prediabetes at baseline (n=1,416) | |||||
| Poor | 170/59 | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Average | 1,118/359 | 0.91 (0.69, 1.19) | 0.90 (0.69, 1.19) | 0.89 (0.68, 1.18) | 0.90 (0.68, 1.18) |
| Optimal | 128/34 | 0.80 (0.52, 1.21) | 0.80 (0.52, 1.23) | 0.81 (0.53, 1.23) | 0.81 (0.53, 1.24) |
| Continuousb | 0.90 (0.73, 1.10) | 0.90 (0.73, 1.10) | 0.90 (0.73, 1.10) | 0.90 (0.73, 1.10) | |
Notes: Boldface indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).
Model 1: age, sex; Model 2: Model 1 + education, current occupation status, alcohol use, systolic blood pressure; Model 3: Model 2 + BMI; Model 4: Model 2 + waist circumference
Continuous per categorical increase in modifiable lifestyle risk factor category.
Modifiable lifestyle risk factor score: Poor score (0–3), Average (4–7), Optimal (8–11); (Smoking: Current smoker (0 points), ormer ≤12 months (1 point), Never or quit ≥12 months (2 points); TV watching: >4 hours/day (0 points), 1–4 hours/day (1 point), <1 hour/day (2 points); AHA Physical activity: poor (0 points), intermediate (1 point), ideal (2 points); AHA healthy diet: poor (0 points), intermediate (1 point), ideal (2 points); Sleep disordered breathing burden: Severe (0 points), Moderate (1 point), Mild (2 points), None (3 points)
AHA, American Heart Association