Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Analytic Cohort.
| No hearing impairment |
Mild hearing impairment |
Moderate or greater hearing impairment |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
||
| Characteristics | n = 731 | n = 649 | n = 352 | p value |
| Age, M (SD) | 73.2 (2.7) | 74.0 (2.7) | 74.7 (2.9) | <.001 |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 274 (37.5) | 312 (48.1) | 232 (65.9) | <.001 |
| Female | 457 (62.5) | 337 (51.9) | 120 (34.1) | |
| Race, n (%) | ||||
| White | 425 (58.1) | 465 (71.7) | 279 (79.3) | <.001 |
| Black | 306 (41.9) | 184 (28.4) | 73 (20.7) | |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| Less than high school | 114 (15.6) | 110 (17.0) | 83 (23.6) | .034 |
| High school graduate | 239 (32.7) | 212 (32.7) | 107 (30.4) | |
| Some college | 378 (51.7) | 327 (50.4) | 162 (46.0) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 374 (51.2) | 300 (46.2) | 136 (38.6) | .001 |
| Former | 305 (41.7) | 312 (48.1) | 185 (52.6) | |
| Current | 52 (7.1) | 37 (5.7) | 31 (8.8) | |
| Study site, n (%) | ||||
| Memphis, Tennessee | 310 (42.4) | 326 (50.2) | 190 (54.0) | <.001 |
| Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | 421 (57.6) | 323 (49.8) | 162 (46.0) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 461 (63.1) | 386 (59.5) | 211 (59.9) | .350 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 103 (14.1) | 104 (16.0) | 62 (17.6) | .289 |
| Stroke history, n (%) | 10 (1.4) | 12 (1.9) | 3 (0.9) | .456 |
| Hearing aid use, n (%) | 3 (0.4) | 58 (9.0) | 166 (47.2) | <.001 |
| Pure-tone average (dB), M (SD) | 18.1 (5.1) | 32.3 (4.3) | 50.5 (9.1) | <.001 |
| Anxiety, n (%) | 142 (19.4) | 148 (22.8) | 84 (23.9) | .155 |
| Depression (CES-D), n (%) | 77 (10.5) | 80 (12.4) | 41 (11.6) | .565 |
Note. Hearing impairment is defined by the speech-frequency pure tone average of thresholds at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz in the better-hearing ear (none <25 dB HL, mild impairment 25–40 dB HL, moderate or greater >40 dB HL). CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.