Fig 4. pub12 and pub13 double mutations enhance chitin-induced immunity.

(A) ROS production by 10-day-old seedlings following a treatment with 10 μM (GlcNAc) ₇. Data are the mean ± SE (n = 10). (B) Chitin-induced callose deposition in the pub12, pub13, and pub12/13 mutants. Ten-day-old seedlings were treated with 10 μM (GlcNAc) ₇ for 18 h. Data represent the mean of 11 cotyledons ± SE. The asterisks indicate significant differences from the wild-type (WT) controls by Welch’s t-test (P < 0.01). (C) Chitin induced MAPK activation in pub12/pub13 mutants. Total proteins were extracted from seedlings treated with 10 μM (GlcNAc) ₇. The activation of each MAPK was analyzed by immunoblots with α-pMAPK. The protein loading control was shown by Ponceau staining. Experiments were repeated at least three times with similar results.