|
Treatment
|
References
|
|
Intralesional
|
|
|
Botulinum toxin
|
[21,22]
|
|
Corticosteroids
|
[13]
|
|
Non-pharmacologic
|
|
|
Acupuncture
|
[11]
|
|
Exercise
|
[23]
|
|
Latissimus dorsi and rhomboid muscle strengthening
|
[23]
|
|
Pectoral muscle stretching
|
[23]
|
|
Massage
|
[19]
|
|
Multimodal physiotherapy (infrared, radar, short waves and ultrasound)
|
[10]
|
|
Narrow band ultraviolet-B
|
[24]
|
|
Osteopathic manipulative treatment
|
[25]
|
|
Inhibition and soft tissue techniques
|
[25]
|
|
Rib raising
|
[25]
|
|
Scapulothoracic fascial release
|
[25]
|
|
Suboccipital decompression
|
[25]
|
|
Surgery (decompression of cutaneous nerve or discectomy)
|
[26]
|
|
Transcutaneous electrical muscle stimulation (EMS)
|
[18]
|
|
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
|
[27]
|
|
Oral
|
|
|
Antidepressants
|
[4,28]
|
|
Selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
|
[4,28]
|
|
Tricyclic antidepressants
|
[4,28]
|
|
Antihistamines (sedative (histamine one) H1 and/or non-sedative H1)
|
[4]
|
|
Gabapentin
|
[29,30]
|
|
Muscle relaxants
|
[19]
|
|
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
|
[4]
|
|
Oxcarbazepione
|
[31,32]
|
|
Pregablin
|
[29]
|
|
Peri-neural
|
|
|
Paravertebral nerve block (bupivacaine and methylprednisolone)
|
[33]
|
|
Topical
|
|
|
Anesthetics (lidocaine 2.5% plus prilocaine 2.5% cream)
|
[34]
|
|
Capsaicin (0.025% and 0.075%) cream
|
[35,36]
|
|
Corticosteroids
|
[10]
|
|
Naltrexone 1%
|
[31]
|
|
Tacrolimus
|
[37]
|
