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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2017 Sep 23;38:37–48. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.09.002

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

The significance of VIP in asthma pathogenesis. Decreased VIP level in lungs leads to recruitment of inflammatory cells such as eosinophils, mast cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes in the lungs. These cells release the allergic mediators that promote airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. MBP=Major basic protein; ECP= Eosinophil cationic protein; EPO=Eosinophil peroxidase; LTs=Leukotrienes; TNF= Tumor necrosis factor; RANTES= regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted; TGF= Transforming growth factor; MPO=Myeloperoxidase; PAF=Platelet activating factor; GM-CSF=Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor.