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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2017 Sep 23;38:37–48. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.09.002

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

The significance of VIP in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. Allergic mediators activate VIP-ergic nerves to induce the secretion of VIP which in turn promotes the trafficking of inflammatory cells in the tissue and manifest allergic responses. VCAM-1= Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; TARC= Thymus-and activation Regulated chemokine; PGs=Prostaglandins; PGD2=Prostaglandin D2; DC=Dendritic cells; MCP-4=Monocyte chemotactic protein-4; EDN=Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin; MIP-1α=Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins -1α.