Table 2.
Hazard ratios by multisite thoracic extra-coronary calcification for stroke endpoints, transient ischemic attack, and stroke mortality
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| Thoracic ECC | ||||||
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| n = 0 (reference) |
n = 1 | n = 2 | n = 3–4 |
p value (trend) |
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| Ischemic stroke | Events/total at risk (%) | 52/3,617 (1.44) | 37/1,474 (2.51) | 50/1,052 (4.75) | 45/662 (6.80) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.87 (1.23–2.86) | 3.72 (2.52–5.49) | 5.92 (3.97–8.83) | <0.001 | |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.22 (0.76–1.96) | 1.97 (1.22–3.17) | 2.35 (1.37–4.02) | <0.001 | |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.70–1.76) | 1.76 (1.09–2.92) | 2.02 (1.15–3.58) | 0.001 | |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | Events/total at risk (%) | 14/3,617 (0.39) | 10/1,474 (0.68) | 5/1,052 (0.47) | 3/662 (0.45) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.86 (0.82–4.18) | 1.35 (0.49–3.75) | 1.43 (0.41–4.98) | 0.62 | |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.45–2.83) | 0.68 (0.21–2.14) | 0.64 (0.15–2.72) | 0.33 | |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.44–2.86) | 0.66 (0.20–2.22) | 0.64 (0.14–2.85) | 0.36 | |
| Total stroke | Events/total at risk (%) | 70/3,617 (1.94) | 50/1,474 (3.40) | 60/1,052 (5.70) | 55/662 (8.31) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.88 (1.31–2.70) | 3.32 (2.35–4.69) | 5.39 (3.78–7.68) | <0.001 | |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.79–1.78) | 1.65 (1.08–2.52) | 2.00 (1.25–3.22) | <0.001 | |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.73–1.68) | 1.47 (0.95–2.27) | 1.71 (1.04–2.81) | 0.01 | |
| TIA | Events/total at risk (%) | 21/3,617 (0.58) | 26/1,474 (1.76) | 26/1,052 (2.47) | 12/662 (1.81) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 3.27 (1.84–5.81) | 4.82 (2.71–8.57) | 3.86 (1.89–7.84) | <0.001 | |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 2.82 (1.46–5.44) | 3.67 (1.77–7.57) | 3.00 (1.24–7.25) | <0.01 | |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 2.63 (1.35–5.11) | 3.21 (1.52–6.80) | 2.54 (1.02–6.33) | 0.02 | |
| Stroke mortality | Events/total at risk (%) | 10/3,617 (0.28) | 5/1,474 (0.34) | 14/1,052 (1.33) | 13/662 (1.96) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.29 (0.44–3.77) | 5.35 (2.38–12.06) | 8.59 (3.76–19.63) | <0.001 | |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.36 (0.11–1.23) | 1.00 (0.48–2.63) | 1.02 (0.35–2.98) | 0.24 | |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.34 (0.10–1.18) | 0.90 (0.32–2.48) | 0.89 (0.29–2.79) | 0.36 | |
Model 1 includes multisite thoracic ECC.
Model 2 includes thoracic ECC and traditional cardiovascular risk factors and other potential confounders including age, gender, race/ethnicity, estimated glomerular filtration rate, LDL-C, HDL-C, total cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cigarette smoking status (never, former, current), any lipid-lowering medications, anti-hypertensive medications, aspirin use, family history of heart attack or stroke, and education.
Model 3 includes log (CAC+1) and all factors in Model 2.
CAC, coronary artery calcification; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ECC, extra-coronary calcification; TIA, transient ischemic attack.