Table 1.
Studies on the interaction between 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, life stress, and PTSD included in the meta-analysis.
| Study | No. of participants | Males, N (%) | Age, range or mean (years) | Ancestry | Study design | Stressor | Stressor measure | Diagnostic instrument | PTSD measure | Allele sensitivity | Averaged 1-tailed P value | Lipták-Stouffer P value after study exclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kilpatrick et al., 2007 | 589 | 374 (63.5) | ≥ 60 (76.6%) | Mixed | Cross-sectional | SLEs | MOSM | DSM-IV | Last 6–9 months | S/Lg | 0.047 | 5.0 × 10−5 |
| Grabe et al., 2009 | 3045 | 1571 (51.6) | 20–79 | European | Longitudinal | CA& SLEs | SCID | SCID | lifetime | La | 0.005 | 6.5 × 10−4 |
| Xie et al., 2009 | 1252 | 651 (52) | 17–79 | Mixed | Cross-sectional | CA& SLEs | SSADDA | SSADDA | lifetime | S/Lg | 0.019 | 1.1 × 10−4 |
| Kolassa et al., 2009 | 408 | 218 (53.4) | 17–68 | African | Cross-sectional | SLEs | PDS | DSM-IV | lifetime | S | 0.055 | 4.0 × 10−5 |
| Holman et al., 2011 | 711 | Not reported | No report | European | Longitudinal | SLEs | DIS trauma section | PCL | Last 1 year | S/Lg | 0.005 | 8.0 × 10−5 |
| Mercer et al., 2012 | 1045 | 0 | 18–45 | Mixed | Longitudinal | SLEs | TLEQ/DEQ | TLEQ/DEQ | Last 30 days | S/Lg | 0.003 | 1.3 × 10−4 |
| Xie et al., 2012 | 6430 | 3551 (55) | 17–85 | Mixed | Case-control | CA | Self-edited questionnaire | SSADDA | lifetime | S | 0.122 | 0.00000 |
| Wald et al., 2013 | 1085 | 1085 (100) | 18–24 | Mixed | Longitudinal | SLEs | Self-edited questionnaire | PCL | Current | S/Lg | 0.003 | 1.4 × 10−4 |
| Pietrzak et al., 2013 | 149 | 63 (41.1) | 18–92 | Mixed | Cross-sectional | SLEs | Self-edited questionnaire | PCL | Last 2–5 months | S | 0.096 | 3.0 × 10−5 |
| La Greca et al., 2013 | 116 | 53 (46) | 8.85 | Mixed | Cross-sectional | SLEs | HURTE-R | PTSD-RI-R | After 8 months | S | 0.500 | 3.0 × 10−5 |
| Walsh et al., 2014 | 682 | 254 (37) | 43.63 | African | Cross-sectional | CA | CTQ | PCL-S | lifetime | S | 0.009 | 7.0 × 10−5 |
| Telch et al., 2015 | 133 | 114 (85.7) | 23.5 | Mixed | Longitudinal | SLEs | CEL | PCL-S | Current | S/Lg | 0.012 | 4.0 × 10−5 |
| Tian et al., 2015 | 183 | 99 (54.1) | 15.2 | Asian | Cross-sectional | SLEs | Self-edited questionnaire | PCL-C | Last 3 years | S | 0.008 | 4.0 × 10−5 |
| Drevo et al., 2016 | 55 | 0 | 18–70 | Mixed | Cross-sectional | SLEs | Self-edited questionnaire | PSS-SR-17 | Current | S | 0.500 | 3.0 × 10−5 |
| Total: | 15883 | 0.00003 | ||||||||||
| Average: | 1135 |
CA, childhood adversity; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth revision; SLEs, stressful life events; SCID, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV; SSADDA, Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism interview; PCL, the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version; TLEQ, Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire; DEQ, the Distressing Event Questionnaire; PTSD-RI-R, the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-Reaction Index for Children-Revised; PCL-S, the PTSD Checklist-Specific version; PCL-C, the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version; PSS-SR-17, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale-Self Report-17; MOSM, Medical Outcome Study Module; PDS, Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; DIS, Diagnostic Interview Schedule; HURTE-R, The Hurricane Related Traumatic Experiences-Revised; CTQ, The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; CEL, Combat Experiences Log.