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. 2017 Nov 28;7:16500. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16287-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Immunosuppression abrogates the protective effects of TSO and exacerbates the DSS induced damage and inflammation of the caecal mucosa. (A) Body weight change relative to the baseline at DSS colitis induction (day 26). (B) Representative HE stained specimens of caecal mucosa (day 35). IS: immunosuppressed rabbits, control: immunocompetent rabbits. Bars = 100 µm. 3 specimens per rabbit were assessed. Filled arrowhead: T. suis schistosome. (C) Inflammatory cell infiltrate score based on the lymphocyte infiltrate into the lamina propria and epithelium (2–8). Intestinal architecture score based on independent scoring of villous stunting, epithelium damage and crypt distortion (3–12). Inflammatory cell infiltrate and intestinal architecture score were summarized to a combined histology score (5–20). (D) HE stained section of the caecal mucosa of IS TSO-DSS rabbits showing the presence of adult T. suis. Left panel: longitudinal section of the posterior part; Right panel: cross section of the posterior end of the parasite. S: stychosome nucleus; Bb: bacillary band; C: cuticle; O: reproductive organs; D: digestive tract; M: muscle layer. Bars = 20 µm. Empty arrowhead: syncytial tunnel derived from the host’s caecal epithelium. (E) Percentage of animals tested positive for Trichuris by PCR in different regions of the gastrointestinal tract (caecum, colon and ileum). W: water, D: DSS, V: Vehicle, T: TSO, Ctrl: Control, IS: immunosuppressed. Dots represent single animals, bars represent mean ± SEM, data were pooled from three independent experiments, n = 2–4 animals per group. *P < 0.05, **P < .01, two-sided p-Value, Mann-Whitney test between IS Veh DSS (n = 8^‡) and IS TSO DSS (n = 9^‡). ^‡Number of animals at the start of the experiment. 3 IS TSO DSS and 1 IS Veh DSS animals reached the euthanasia criteria and were sacrificed at the indicated time point (†).